1. Salmonella surface characterization and adhesion to food and other surfaces Samantha Begnoche Advisor: Dr. Sharon Walker Bioengineering Research Institute for Technical Excellence August 20, 2009

2. Background From 1988 – 1995 reported cases varied between 40,000 and 50,000 Previous projects limited to genotypic nature Objective: Understand surface chemistries and transport kinetics of Salmonella to keep future outbreaks to a minimum.

3. Some Facts Still, approximately 40,000 cases of Salmonella poisoning reported annually ~400 deaths annually are result of Salmonella Children, elderly, and immune diseased are most vulnerable

4. Goals Short-term work: Characterize strains’ surface chemistries Three strains focused on: SGSC 4910 ( newport ) SGSC 2377 ( enteritidis ) SA 5983 ( typhimurium ) S. typhimurium respresentation Provided by Berat Haznedaroglu

5. Methods Bacteria Preparation - Inoculate bacteria night before - Preculture in LB media for specified time - Harvest – centrifuge, wash in KCl twice, resuspend for stock solution IncubationCentrifugeInoculation

6. Characterization methods Viability Mix stock solution and dye. Vortex and wait 15 minutes. Count live (green) and dead (red). Size measurement Measure length and width using images taken with phase contrast microscope. Calculate spherical radii.

7. Characterization methods Hydrophobicity measurement Using MATH test with n-dodecane, measure the percentage of cells that choose the hydrocarbon versus the electrolyte condition. <40% is hydrophilic Electrophoretic mobility measurement Using ZetaPALS, calculate the electrophoretic mobility and zeta potential from a solution diluted to an optical density of.200 to.225 to result in a concentration of about 10 7 cells.

8. Parallel plate flow chamber methods Parallel plate flow chamber Take picture of cells flowing through at 20 second intervals for set amount of time Number of cells depositing on the surface is counted and plotted as a function of time Adhesion rate is calculated from slope

9. Fluorescent light Parallel plate flow chamber system

10. Viability Results SA 5983: 1 mM KCl: 81.5 ± 1.7% 10 mM KCl: 87.4 ± 2.1% 100 mM KCl: 89.7 ± 11.8%

11. Size Measurement Results SA 5983: 0.326 ± 0.113 µm SGSC 4910: 0.368 ± 0.145 µm SGSC 2377: 0.317 ± 0.067 µm

12. Hydrophobicity Results

15. Electrophoretic Mobility Results

18. Parallel Plate Results SA 5983 exhibits no attachment for 1 mM KCl solution. Amount of deposition is expected to increase with increasing ionic strength Also expected to increase at lower rates

19. Parallel Plate Flow Chamber Results For 100 mM KCl1.5 ml/min2.0 ml/min Length (um)211 Width (um)168 Microscope viewing area (m 2 )3.5448E-08 average particle diameter (nm)338 No of particles in inflow (particles/L)500000000 Slope (particles/sec)0.1180.0487 Flux Jz (particles/sec-m2)3328819.681373843.376 K pp (m/s)6.60E-062.75E-06 * Data is representative as work is ongoing

20. Closing Three strains are very different As of yet, no inferences can be drawn connecting phenotypic nature and adhesion.

21. Further work 96 well plate coated to mimic surface layer of foods Ultimately: identify properties that inhibit adhesion and a solution to foodborne outbreaks 1 2 3

22. References 1. http://www.clker.com/search/cartoon+food/3 2. http://drjean.org/html/monthly_act/act_2005/09 _Sep/pg04.html 3. http://www.steveklotz.com/blog/?m=200609 4. Yates, Walker, Bianchi. Ensuring Food Safety from Pathogens: Farm to Fork.

23. Acknowledgments Thank you, especially, Dr. Sharon Walker and Olgun Zorlu for teaching me everything that you have and making it run so smoothly. Thank you very much, Dr. Sharon Walker’s lab group, including Gexin Chen, Indranil Chowdury, Amy Gong, Berat Haznedaroglu, Ian Marcus, Brian Perez, and Chad Thomsen for all the help in the lab. Thank you, Jun Wang, for all the work done to make this a great summer for all of us. Thank you, National Science Foundation for funding opportunities like this one for college students like myself.