1. Diana Tania Fiorillo1 THE US EARNED INCOME TAX CREDIT, ITS EFFECTS, AND POSSIBLE REFORMS Bruce D. Meyer

2. Diana Tania Fiorillo2 MAIN TOPICS How the US EITC works How the US EITC works Features of recipients Features of recipients The effects of EITC on poverty income distribution The effects of EITC on poverty income distribution labour supply labour supply Negative effects on hours of work Negative effects on hours of work marriage marriage compliance compliance Some possible solutions Some possible solutions

3. Diana Tania Fiorillo3 THE EITC ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAMME SINCE 1975 THAT TRANSFERS INCOME WHILE ENCOURAGES TO WORK Subside only to few families: where at least one component works with a low income with at least a resident child (or childless)

4. Diana Tania Fiorillo4 Schedule for single parents with children: for those with one child there are somewhat lower earnings subsidies, credits and implicit taxes. for those with one child there are somewhat lower earnings subsidies, credits and implicit taxes.

5. Diana Tania Fiorillo5 THE RECEIVERS LOW INCOME RATE DEPENDENCE ON CHILDREN Target of eligible candidates are SINGLE MOTHERS SOME DATA: 40% USD SINGLE MOTHERS 9% USD SINGLE FATHERS 46% USD MARRIED COUPLES WITH CHILDREN 6% USD CHILDLESS INDIVIDUALS 49% SINGLE PARENTS OLDER AND LESS EDUCATED THAN THE NON-RECIPIENTS

6. Diana Tania Fiorillo6 TAX CREDIT ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION The subsides go primarily to very low income parents The subsides go primarily to very low income parents Investments on children are productive, so it is well targeted Investments on children are productive, so it is well targeted In 2004 EITC lifted 3.7 milion people above the poverty line In 2004 EITC lifted 3.7 milion people above the poverty line

7. Diana Tania Fiorillo7 BUT: The effects are concentrated around the poverty line The effects are concentrated around the poverty line There are other policies like TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) and Food Stamps, that are more targeted at very lowest incomes, but have smaller effects at all income cutoffs, due to the welfare reform There are other policies like TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) and Food Stamps, that are more targeted at very lowest incomes, but have smaller effects at all income cutoffs, due to the welfare reform

8. Diana Tania Fiorillo8 EITC AND WORK EITC makes work more attractive to single parents, at any hour level EITC makes work more attractive to single parents, at any hour level 1990-1997 largest EITC expansion: as a consequence an increase of 7 percentage points in employment of single mothers was registered. This increase in incentives was especially high for lowest-skilled mothers, those likely to receive welfare benefits and who, if they work, were likely to be on the phase-in or plateau portions of the EITC schedule. 1990-1997 largest EITC expansion: as a consequence an increase of 7 percentage points in employment of single mothers was registered. This increase in incentives was especially high for lowest-skilled mothers, those likely to receive welfare benefits and who, if they work, were likely to be on the phase-in or plateau portions of the EITC schedule.

9. Diana Tania Fiorillo9 Since 1994 the employment rate of mothers with two or more children raised Since 1994 the employment rate of mothers with two or more children raised BUT: BUT: Since 1999 those rates have declined due to unknown reasons, causing negative and unexpected effects on hours of work: thus people are encouraged to reduce their hours because of the EITC

10. Diana Tania Fiorillo10 4 EXPLANATIONS Inability to vary the hours freely, because of the preferences for certain hours Inability to vary the hours freely, because of the preferences for certain hours Measurement errors in hours Measurement errors in hours Imperfect perception of marginal tax rate Imperfect perception of marginal tax rate Complexity of eligibility and instructions Complexity of eligibility and instructions Among the couples, the effects are even more complicated ( phase out )

11. Diana Tania Fiorillo11 EITC, CASELOADS AND MARRIAGE EITC has reduced the welfare receipts by making work more attractive than welfare for a substantial fraction of single mothers It consequently made the number of welfare caseloads drop and discouraged marriages for those childless or with an uneligible child people increase their tax credit by divorcing or staying unmarried people increase their tax credit by divorcing or staying unmarried

12. Diana Tania Fiorillo12 EITC AND NONCOMPLIANCE People don’t pay taxes intentionally or unintentionally In 1999 30% of credits were claimed in error driven by needless complexity due to unclear instructions

13. Diana Tania Fiorillo13 REFORMS Common types include: more generous EITC for 3-child families more generous EITC for 3-child families reduction of marriage penalties reduction of marriage penalties simplified criteria for eligibility simplified criteria for eligibility increase credit for single childless individuals increase credit for single childless individuals

14. Diana Tania Fiorillo14 THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!