1. 1 Web Server Administration Chapter 2 Preparing For Server Installation

2. 2 Overview Identify server categories Evaluate server components Plan for system disasters and reduce their effects Evaluate network components Set up IP addressing

3. 3 Server Categories What do you use the server for? File Server High-speed disk drivers Application Server High-speed processors Depending on the server type we choose our hardware and software

4. 4 Identifying Server Categories- File Servers File servers emphasize on sending and receiving files A fast disk subsystem is more important than the processor type File servers are useful in a Web environment when you have a large number of static HTML pages File servers are also appropriate for an FTP server

5. 5 Identifying Server Categories- Application Servers Application Servers can process requests from many users at a time Require extensive processing power A DBMS is a typical example Many contain dynamic HTML and scripting Many email servers are considered as Application Servers Exchange Server does more than send e-mail messages Its complexity puts more burden on the processor Servers may also combine the need for fast processors and fast disk subsystems

6. 6 Evaluating Server Components- Intel Processors Most common Intel processor is based on the 386 32-bit processors Data is processed 32 bits at a time Uses CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) architecture Pentium 4 with Clock speed: 3.4 GHz Number of transistors: 55 million

7. 7 Evaluating Server Components- Intel Processors Comparing processor speeds across processor versions can be deceiving Each newer processor version is much more efficient at processing data at a given speed ProcessorRAML2 cacheBus speed Pentium 4Dual Channel RDRAM; PC 133 SDRAM; DDR 200/266 SDRAM 512 K>400 MHz Pentium III Xeon Dual Channel DDR; SDRAM up to 2 MBup to 400 MHz CeleronSDRAM128 K or 256 K up to 100 MHz Number of transistors? http://www.raptureready.com/time/rap31d.html

8. 8 Evaluating Server Components- UltraSPARC Processors Manufactured by Sun Only used in computers from Sun 64-bit processors Uses RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture More efficient than CISC

9. 9 Evaluating Server Components- UltraSPARC Processors ProcessorRelative speedMaximum L2 cache Maximum number of processors Bus speed UltraSPARC III CuFastest8 MBover 1000150 MHz UltraSPARC IIAbout 50% of III Cu8 MB6466 MHz UltraSPARC IIiAbout 50% of III Cu2 MB466 MHz UltraSPARC IIeAbout 50% of III Cu256 KB466 MHz

10. 10 Evaluating Server Components- Using Multiple Processors BEA WebLogic can assign multiple server applications to a single processor in a multi-processor environment Processing a single application, such as a DBMS, spread over multiple processors is more common Applications have to be designed to take advantage of multiple processors

11. 11 Evaluating Server Components- Selecting a Hard Drive Interface IDE drives are less capable than SCSI Limited ability to add drives SCSI can support many drives Ultra3, also known as Ultra160, is one of the most common interfaces used in servers Manufactured by Adaptec

12. 12 Selecting a Hard Drive Reliability MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) Capacity Data Transfer Rate Buffer to HD / HD to buffer Average Seek Time Rotational Speed How fast the disk spins (7 Krps) Access Time How long to retrieve the information. Includes the seek time

13. 13 Evaluating Server Components- Selecting I/O Ports Video PCI External and can be connected to the NIC PCI bus is a 32-bit burst with a maximum rate of 132 MB/s PCI-X is 64-bit wide and has a BW of 500 MB/s AGP High-speed graphic adaptor Connected to the main memory It is not a bus it can be connected to one device only Has a BW of about 1 GB/s to the memory AGP 2.0 can go up to 3.0 GB/s in BW Legacy ISA bus; low speed For more information check my web: http://www.ccsu.edu/technology/farahmand/bhcosc/teaching.htmhttp://www.ccsu.edu/technology/farahmand/bhcosc/teaching.htm (3523)

14. 14 Evaluating Server Components- Selecting a NIC NIC TypeSpeedMediaUse Standard Ethernet 10 MbpsTwisted pair (sometimes fiber) Workstations Fast Ethernet 100 MbpsTwisted pair (sometimes fiber) Workstations and small to medium servers Gigabit Ethernet 1,000 MbpsFiber (sometimes twisted pair) High-end servers 10-Gigabit Ethernet 10,000 MbpsFiberBackbone connections ATM25 Mbps – 622+ Mbps FiberWorkstations and servers (rare)

15. 15 Disaster Planning Helps you avoid problems with hardware and software A challenge to balance costs with benefits In a server, the objective is fault tolerance The ability of a system to keep running even when a component fails

16. 16 Disaster Assessment and Recovery Determine what can go wrong, what effects it will have on the organization, and what it will take to fix Hardware – determine what will happen if each component fails How to replace failed hardware How to restore software (if applicable) Who will diagnose hardware problems

17. 17 Disaster Assessment and Recovery Software disasters are more complex than hardware disasters Could be a combination of application software and the operating system You may be directed to install software that may not work correctly Document installation and problems in detail Make sure that support is available

18. 18 Recovery Plans HD Failure SW Failure Electrical Problems System Redundancy Availability (clusters)

19. 19 System Redundancy Often servers and switches have multiple power supplies so if one fails, the other(s) can take over In case the devices do not have redundancy built in, try to have as much spare hardware on hand as appropriate for the number of devices, reliability, and cost Also useful are warrantees that allow for replacement within 24 hours

20. 20 Disk Redundancy through RAID RAID 1 Data is duplicated across two drives Also called mirroring If there are two adapters, it is called disk duplexing RAID 5 (most common) Distributes data across a minimum of 3 drives If any one of the drives fails, data can be recovered from the remaining drives

21. 21 Achieving High Availability with Multiple Servers Many computers act as one Can have ten’s of thousands of computers IBM uses computers in a cluster that serve different purposes Microsoft’s approach is to distribute the computing load among distinct servers

22. 22 Setting Up Backup Systems You should maintain a series of backups so you can restore data from a specific date Types of backup methods Full – all data is backed up Differential – backs up all files that are new or changed since last full backup Incremental – backs up all files that are new or changed since the last incremental backup

23. 23 Backup Considerations Back up complete operating system On Windows systems, you have to make sure that the Registry is backed up Back up special application files DBMSs and Exchange keep files open, which cannot be backed up without special backup software modules Back up data files Easy and straightforward unless user has files open

24. 24 Evaluating Network Components Hubs should be avoided in a server environment Increased traffic slows communication Switches can come close to the appearance of a dedicated circuit between servers Routers connect one network to another

25. 25 Setting Up IP Addressing IP addresses are divided into the network portion and the host portion The subnet mask distinguishes the two portions

26. 26 Common IP Classes ClassFirst numberSubnet maskNumber of networks Number of hosts Class A1 – 127255.0.0.0126>16,000,000 Class B128 – 191255.255.0.0> 16,000>65,000 Class C192 – 223255.255.255.0> 2,000,000254

27. 27 Network Address Translation (NAT) NAT allows an IP address from one network to be translated into another address on an internal network You can also use NAT to translate a single IP address valid on the Internet into multiple internal addresses Useful if your ISP gives you a single IP address, yet you have multiple servers and users on the internal network

28. 28 Summary File servers and application servers are the two basic types of servers Various families of processors are available from Intel, Sun, and others There are many techniques for minimizing loss due to hardware and software failures Routers and switches allow servers to communicate IP addresses are divided into the network and host portions