Discovering Computers

Discovering Computers
CHAPTER 7 COMPUTER STORAGE

Chapter 7 Objectives Discuss various types of items that users store on computer media, flash memory Describe the characteristics of CDs and DVDs,Blu-Ray DVDs, UMD disks Differentiate between storage devices and storage media Differentiate among CD-ROMs,CD-Rs, CD-RWs, DVD-ROMs, and DVD+RWs Describe the characteristics of a floppy disk Identify the uses of tape storage Identify the uses of USB, U3 flash Discuss PC Cards and the various types of miniature storage media Describe the characteristics of a hard disk, Solid State Drives Identify uses of microfilm and microfiche Identify the advantages of using an Internet hard drive

Computer Storage What is storage?
Holds data, instructions, and information for future use Storage medium is physical material used for storage Also called secondary storage p Fig. 7-1

Some Storage Terms to Know
Hard Disk Drive: A device that stores data on rapidly rotating platters and magnetic surfaces. Flash: A type of memory used in portable consumer devices and solid state drives (SSDs). It is non-volatile, meaning no power is needed to preserve data. NAND: A type of flash memory used in USB flash drives and memory cards. (invented in 1985 by Toshiba) NOR: A type of flash memory that has longer read & erase times than NAND. NAND & NOR were invented in 1980 by Toshiba Electronics Solid State Drive: Storage devices with no moving parts. They are less fragile than hard drives.

Free Online Storage for Backups !
Microsoft’s SkyDrive 25 GB of password-protected space FREE ! Easy to use Drag and drop files from your online PC Other sites: (50 GB of free storage) (100 GB for $4.99 per month) Back up documents, movies, music, photos

Computer Storage Capacity Terms
What is capacity? Number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold Kilobyte (KB) 1 thousand Megabyte (MB) 1 million Gigabyte (GB) 1 billion Terabyte (TB) 1 trillion Petabyte (PB) 1 quadrillion Exabyte (EB) 1 quintillion Zettabyte (ZB) 1 sextillion Yottabyte (YB) 1 septillion p. 356 Next

Computer Memory & Storage Terms
KILOBYTE (KB) **10 = BYTES ( thousand bytes) **3 MEGABYTE (MB) **20 = 1,048,576 BYTES (million bytes) **6 GIGABYTE (GB) **30 = 1,073,741,824 BYTES (billion bytes) 10**9 TERABYTE (TB) **40 = x 1,073,741,824 (trillion bytes) 10**12 PETABYTE (PB) **50 = million x billion bytes **15 EXABYTE (EB) **60 = billion x billion bytes **18 ZETTABYTE (ZB) **70 = billion x trillion bytes **21 YOTTABYTE (YB) 2**80 = trillion x trillion bytes **24 p Fig. 4-18 Next

Memory & Storage (Large Number Names)
Million (10**6) and 6 zeros Billion (10**9) Trillion (10**12) Quadrillion (10**15) 1015 Quintillion (10**18) Sextillion (10**21) Septillion (10**24) Octillion (10**27) Nonillion (10**30) Decillion (10**33) Undecillion (10**36) and 36 zeros

1956: RAMAC The 1st Hard Drive: IBM
In September 1956, IBM released the first hard drive: RAMAC for the IBM RAMAC 305 computer. (Random Access Method of Accounting & Control) RAMAC weighed 1 ton & held only 5 MB of data !

Storage Capacity 2010: Hard Drives
For a personal computer: Max capacity of a HDD is 4 Terabytes (4 TB) Example: Seagate’s Barracude LP SATA 3Gbps HDD Within 5 years, HDDs may be able to store between 5 TB and 10 TB !

4 Terabyte Solid State Drives
IBM Tests 4-Terabyte Solid-State Drive IBM is keen on solid-state drives. In 2008, IBM tested a 4-terabyte, high-speed solid-state drive array targeted at enterprise computing, as the technology giant gives its attention to flash-memory-based storage. Data transfer rate is more than 1 million input/output per second (IOPS), with a response time of less than one millisecond !

Newer Storage: Solid State Drives
SSDs have no moving parts. Mass production began in May 2008. Capacities: 32GB, 64GB, 128GB, 256 GB, 512 GB Form factors: 1.8-inch and 2.5-inch sizes Data transfer rate: 80 to 100 MBps Max read speed: 100MBps Max write speed: 40 MBps Life span: 2 million hours (more than 100 years) Manufacturer: Toshiba

New Storage: Solid State Drives

Solid State Drives from OCZ Technology
2.5" Solid State Drives SATA II / 40GB-480GB

No need to Defragment an SSD
Solid State Drives can access any location on the drive at the same time. This is one of the main advantages over hard drives. This also means that there is no need to defragment a Solid State Drive ever. These drives have actually been designed to write data evenly in all sectors of the drive which the industry is calling wear leveling. Each sector of a Solid State Drive has a limited number of writes before it cannot be overwritten anymore. (this is a theoretical limit which cannot be reached in work environments) If you did defragment your Solid State Disk you can rest assured that you did not harm it in any way. It is just that this process is not needed and that defragmentation causes lots of write processes which means that the drive will reach its write limits sooner.

Solid State Drives from OCZ Technology
2.5" Solid State Drives / SATA II / 40GB-480GB Based on a cutting-edge new architecture, Vertex 2 Solid State Drives raise the bar once again and deliver unprecedented performance for the complete gamut of gaming and professional multimedia applications. OCZ designed the Vertex 2 to surpass the competition where it counts most, pushing the limits in both sequential and random read/write rates. With spectacular performance in 4k file writes up to 50,000 IOPS, these latest drives take productivity to the next level with over ten times the performance of the previous generation. Using the latest controller technology, Vertex 2 not only provides a faster, more responsive PC experience, but promotes cooler, quieter, and more energy efficient conditions compared to traditional mechanical hard drives. OCZ Vertex 2 SSDs are available in 40GB to 480GB and come backed by a 3-year warranty and 2 million hour MTBF for ultimate peace of mind.

Storage (Nonvolatile vs Volatile)
How does volatility compare? Storage medium is nonvolatile—contents retained when power is off Memory is volatile—holds data and instructions temporarily ON OFF Memory (most RAM) (chips on motherboard) Screen Display Display appears Display disappears Volatile Data and instructions available to user Data and instructions erased Storage Medium (floppy disks, Zip disks, hard disks, CDs) Nonvolatile Contents available to user Contents retained p. 7.04 Next

Storage: Reading & Writing
What is a storage device? Reading Process of transferring items from storage media to memory Writing Process of transferring items from memory to storage media Hardware that records and retrieves items to and from storage media Functions as source of input Creates output p. 7.04 Next

Miniature Storage Media
Storage Access Times What is access time? Time it takes storage device to locate item on storage medium Time required to deliver item from memory to processor faster transfer rates Floppy Disk Small files to be transported Secondary Storage Primary Storage Hard Disk CDs and DVDs Miniature Storage Media Tape Items waiting to be interpreted and executed by the processor Operating system, application software, user data and information Software, backups, movies, music Digital pictures or small files to be transported Backups Memory (most RAM) Stores … slower transfer rates p. 7.04 Next

Relative Access Times (HDD vs RAM)
Fast Hard disk access time: 6 / sec = .006 secs ( 6 milliseconds) RAM access time: 60 nsec = 60 x 10-9 sec So: / 60 /1000,000,000 = 6,000,000 / 60 = 100,000 times Therefore, RAM access time is at least 100,000 times faster than hard disk access time.

What is Flash Memory ? Flash memory is non-volatile computer memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It is a technology that is primarily used in memory cards and USB flash drives for general storage and transfer of data between computers and other digital products. It is a specific type of EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) that is erased and programmed in large blocks; in early flash the entire chip had to be erased at once. Flash memory costs far less than byte-programmable EEPROM and therefore has become the dominant technology wherever a significant amount of non-volatile, solid-state storage is needed. Example applications include PDAs (personal digital assistants), laptop computers, digital audio players, digital cameras and mobile phones. It has also gained popularity in the game console market, where it is often used instead of EEPROMs or battery-powered SRAM for game save data.

Storage Tech: Flash Memory

Even Newer PCM Flash Memory
A possible replacement for Flash Memory: Intel introduces Phase Change Memory (PCM) Handles more than 100 million writes ! (whereas Flash memory devices are generally unreliable after 10,000 writes) Uses: Cell phones Mass production started near the end of 2008

Storage media has undergone a radical change since the advent of magnetic tape. Advances in microchip technology have allowed data storage size, access rates, reliability and durability to increase dramatically to rates and sizes not imagined a few years ago

Flash memory or NAND is a growing technology in mass storage whose applications have just started to make its mark in the world of electronics. Devices such as PDAs, Pen Drives, MPEG players, Cameras and cellular phones use Flash memory technology

Flash memory sticks for devices are packaged differently depending on size and use requirements

Major Flash Memory Makers
Samsung Toshiba Infineon Technologies Hynix Semiconductor STMicroelectronics Micron Technology Intel

Intel – Leader in Embedded Solutions
Intel is the world's leading supplier of flash memory for wireless cell phones and handheld devices. They offer a variety of flash memory hardware, software and packaging solutions designed to meet the diverse needs of embedded system designers.

Auto Imaging Sensors: Flash Memory
Automakers looked into imaging sensors made from flash memory to allow for building safer and smarter cars. They will try to produce sensors with lane tracking, departure warning, collision avoidance, and pedestrian protection.

Flash Memory Uses: Digital Photo Storage
CompactFlash Secure Digital (SD) Memory Stick xD-Picture SmartMedia MultiMedia

U3 USB Flash Drives The U3 flash drive which was developed by SanDisk
and M-Systems allows users to launch applications directly from U3-formatted USB flash drives. Visit: (View the video) Each U3 drive uses the U3 Launchpad which lets users browse through programs on the flash drive, add more programs, manage programs, and change settings. Visit: for a list of programs that run on traditional USB flash drives.

USB 3.0 is the latest in Flash Memory
Known as SuperSpeed USB, the new USB 3.0 flash drives are 10 times faster than USB 2.0. The data transfer rate is up to 5 Gbps as compared to 480 Mbps for USB 2.0 Consumer USB 3.0 devices started to appear in 2010 and will include flash drives, external hard drives, digital music players, and digital cameras GB, 64GB, 128GB sizes

USB 3.1 by end of 2014 USB 3.1 also boosts data-transfer speeds and cables will ultimately be able to move data at a speed of 10Gbps (bits per second). That's an improvement from the 5Gbps transfer rate for the current USB 3.0 connector, which is in most laptops that ship today. The faster speeds open usage of USB 3.1 connectors to monitors, high-definition TVs and other electronics.

USB 3.1 by end of 2014 The connector is "robust enough for laptops and tablets; slim enough for mobile phones," said standards-setting organization USB Implementers Forum in an statement. The Type-C connectors could replace the current micro-USB 2.0 ports in most of the latest smartphones and tablets, which have different ends and are widely used for recharging.

USB 3.1 by end of 2014 The Type-C USB 3.1 connector is as thin as micro-USB 2.0 connectors, which could also lead to the development of thinner and sleeker devices. Current USB 3.0 ports in laptops are larger, so thinner slots could lead to smaller products. The USB 3.1 connector will also replace micro-USB 3.0 plugs, which are larger and used in just a handful of devices such as the Samsung Galaxy Note 3.

Internet Routers use Flash Memory

iPods Players may use Flash Memory

Cellphones use Flash Memory

MFD & Fax Machines use Flash Memory
Print,Scan, Copy, FAX (maybe) Multifunction Device Or All-in-One

Features Of Flash Memory
The size of flash memory sticks can be compared to the size of a pack of bubble gum Flash memory is virtually noiseless Power consumption is very minimal Flash memory is light weight Devices that use flash memory are plug and play to to the Windows XP, Vista & Win 7 operating systems.

Other uses of Flash Memory
MP3 Players use flash memory to store data. Memory cards for video game consoles also use flash memory to save game data

The Future of Flash Memory
Flash Memory may replace normal hard drives within the next few of years Visit: Flash Memory has faster read/write time than hard drives They are also less prone to failure than hard drives. The cost will probably be the main concern for consumers because flash memory is more expensive than hard drives A hard drive is one of the slowest components in a PC so if flash memory is used computers will run faster with faster boot (start-up) times.

New: Graphite Memory (Graphene)
Graphene memory could be used to create memory that allows 5 times as much storage as today’s flash memory. Can be created using 10 nanometer technology Uses very little power while holding data Generates minimal heat Research is being done at Rice University, Texas Source: Smart Computing, March 2009, Page 9

Magnetic RAM (MRAM) from IBM [2006]
MRAM is another form of RAM memory and it may eventually be used to replace magnetic hard disk drives. ( No more rotating, electro-mechanical disks in personal computers ! ) Also called: Magnetoresistive RAM

A High Capacity Hard Drive from Seagate
The Barracuda is the highest-capacity 3.5-inch disc drive in the industry today TheSeagate Barracuda perpendicular disc drive boasts the industry’s highest capacity— up to 750GB per drive to provide pure digital storage for all your desktop application needs. Now, up to 4 TB for PCs ! A range of options from 8- or 16-Mbyte cache to interface choices of ATA/100, SATA 1.5Gb/s or SATA 3Gb/s • Seagate SoftSonic motor enables whisper-quiet operation • Enhanced G-Force Protection defends against handling damage • Backed by a five-year warranty

Large HDDs are slower than smaller ones
Factoid: Large capacity hard drives (300GB) are slower and have longer access times than smaller capacity (80GB) drives.

Enterprise Storage Enterprise storage is the computer storage designed for large-scale, high-technology environments of the modern enterprises. When comparing to the consumer storage, it has higher scalability, higher reliability, better fault tolerance, and much higher initial price. Online storage - large disk array solutions, minimizing access time to the data, and maximizing reliability; Backup - off-line storage for data protection, with a smaller price per byte than online storage, but at a cost of higher average access time; often uses sequential access storage, such as tape libraries; Archiving - technically similar to backup, but its purpose is long-term retention, management, and discovery of fixed-content data to meet regulatory compliance, litigation protection, and storage cost optimization objectives; Disaster recovery solutions, used to protect the data from localized disasters, usually being a vital part of broader business continuity plan.

Enterprise Storage

Cleaning Up Your Hard Drive…
Making sure your hard drive tells no tales… Some useful utilities that delete non-Windows files: Webroot Window Washer Visit: Eraser 5.3 free from (It has a bare bones user interface but is a very effective file deleter)

Video of How a Hard Drive Works
Hello Prof. Healy. How are you doing? I told you that I was going to ITT- Tech but their cost is outrageous so I'm going to be coming back to attend NOVA. I'm not sure at this point if I will be taking night classes or day classes but I will be coming back. Also I found this on the Internet and thought of your class It is a move of a British guy I think and he opened up a HDD and and demonstrates the different type of read write arm searches on the disc drive. I thought this would help demonstrate it to your new students currently in your class in the chapter that has to do with HDD discs and CD disc sector breakdown. It is a good movie to watch. I hope you enjoy it and share it with future classes. ITE100 Student David Betts Feb 5, 2006 Note: Use Windows Media Player to show the movie clip It leads directly to the file so it should open in your Windows Media Player.

Older Storage Tech: Floppy Diskettes
What is a floppy disk? shutter Portable, inexpensive storage medium (also called diskette) shell liner magnetic coating Thin, circular, flexible film enclosed in 3.5” wide plastic shell metal hub flexible thin film p Fig. 7-5 Next

Floppy Diskettes What is a floppy disk drive?
Device that reads from and writes to floppy disk One floppy drive, named drive A If two floppy drives, second designated as drive B Floppy disk drive built into a desktop computer Also called secondary storage External floppy disk drive attaches to a computer with a cable p Fig. 7-6 Next

Floppy Disks: How they work…
How does a floppy disk drive work? Step 1. When you insert the floppy disk into drive, shutter moves to the side to expose the recording surface on disk. Step 2. When you initiate a disk access, circuit board on drive that contains electronics sends signals to control movement of read/write heads until they barely touch surface (film) inside floppy disk’s shell. Step 6. Read/write heads read data from and write data on floppy disk. Step 5. Motor positions read/write heads over correct location on recording surface of disk. Step 3. For write instructions, circuit board verifies whether or not disk can be written on. Step 4. Motor spins a shaft, which causes surface inside floppy disk’s shell to spin. p Fig. 7-7 Next

Floppy Disks: Sectors & Tracks
What are tracks and sectors? Track is narrow recording band that forms full circle on disk Sector stores up to 512 bytes of data Formatting prepares disk for use and marks bad sectors as unusable p Fig. 7-8 Next

Floppy Disks: Capacity
How do you compute a disk’s storage capacity? Multiply number of sides, number of tracks, number of sectors per track, and number of bytes per sector For high-density disk: 2 sides  80 tracks  18 sectors per track  512 bytes per sector = 1,474,560 bytes Capacity: 1.44 MB Sides: 2 Tracks: 80 Sectors per track: 18 Sectors per disk: 2880 Characteristics of a 3.5-inch High-Density Floppy Disk p. 7.08 Next

Floppy Disks: Care & Handling
How do you care for a floppy? (as for any disk) Proper care helps maximize disk’s life Floppy disk can last at least 7 years (3 months is more likely !) Never open the shutter and touch the disk’s surface Avoid exposure to heat and cold Avoid exposure to magnetic fields Avoid exposure to contaminants such as dust, smoke, or salt air Keep disks in a storage tray when not using them p. 7.08 Next

Floppy Disks: The write-protect notch
What is a write-protect notch? Small opening with a cover that you slide Protects floppy disk from being erased accidentally hole on this side means disk is high density write-protected not write-protected notch open means you cannot write on the disk notch closed means you can write on the disk p Fig. 7-10 Next

Zip® Disks ® What is a Zip disk?
Magnetic medium that stores 100 MB or 250 MB of data or 750 MB Used to back up and to transfer files Backup is duplicate of file, program, or disk in case original is lost Zip disks require a Zip drivec—chigh capacity drive that reads from and writes on a Zip disk REV disks (35GB) are similar. c External Zip drive p Fig. 7-11 Next

hard disk installed in system unit
Hard Disk Drives hard disk installed in system unit What is a hard disk? High-capacity storage Consists of several inflexible, circular platters that store items electronically Components enclosed in airtight, sealed case for protection Capacity: Up to 2 TB Aerial density: Number of bits in a given area p Fig. 7-12 Next

Hard Disk Drives Hard disks were invented in 1955 by IBM
Mechanical non-volatile data storage Platters are coated with a ferrous (iron) oxide Read/write heads float a few nanometers above the platter on a cushion of air Different Form factors: 1.0 to 1.7 inch microdrives (for iPods) or flash memory 2.5 inch laptop drives 3.5 inch desktop drives (Cost: < $ for 1 TB disk)

Hard Disks: Data Recording
Hard disks can store data using longitudinal recording or perpendicular recording

Revolutions per Minute
Hard Disk Terminology Characteristics of a hard disk include: Capacity Platters Read/Write Heads Cylinders Sectors and Tracks Revolutions per Minute Transfer Rate Access Time

Sample Hard Disk Characteristics
Hard Disks: Capacity What are characteristics of a hard disk? Sample Hard Disk Characteristics Advertised capacity 40 GB Platters 2 Read/write heads 4 Cylinders 16,383 Bytes per sector 512 Sectors per track 63 Sectors per drive 78,165,360 Revolutions per minute 7,200 Transfer rate 100 MB per second Access time 9 ms actual disk capacity p Fig. 7-13 Next

Hard Disks: How they work
How does a hard disk work? Step 3. When software requests a disk access, read/write heads determine current or new location of data. Step 2. Small motor spins platters while computer is running. Step 4. Head actuator positions read/write head arms over correct location on platters to read or write data. Step 1. Circuit board controls movement of head actuator and a small motor. p Fig. 7-14 Next

File Shredder Utility Software
File shredder software overwrites the free space on a hard drive up to 7 times. If there is a lot of free space on the hard drive, the actual time to overwrite and “shred” that space can be very long ! (Free download; 1.15 MB) Conforms to DoD Military Standard M

Miniature Magnetic Disks
What is a miniature hard disk? (used in iPod players) Provide users with greater storage capacities than flash memory Some have a form factor of less than 1 inch Storage capacities range from 2 GB to 160 GB Could they be used in PCs ? p. 363 Fig. 7-16 Next

Clusters & Cluster Sizes on Hard Disks
What is a cluster ? The smallest unit that can hold part (or all) of a file. Older Operating Systems: Windows 95/98 File Allocation Table (FAT): 32KB or 16KB cluster sizes. Newer Operating Systems: NTFS file system 4KB (less wasted space) Storing a 20KB file in a 32KB cluster would waste 12KB of space; There is NO wasted space with 4KB

Hard Disk Maximum Partition Sizes
Keep these limits in mind when formatting and partitioning your hard disk drive: OS File System Max Size Win 98 Win Me FAT16 2 GB Win XP FAT 16 4 GB FAT 32 127 GB 2 TB 32 GB NTFS 16 TB

Mass Storage Device Interfaces
To communicate with a motherboard, mass storage devices need to be connected to the motherboard through an interface Common Interfaces: IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) EIDE Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics SCSI (“Scuzzy”) Small Computer Systems Interface SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) eSATA (external SATA for external hard drives: 6 times faster than USB 2.0 interface)

Advanced Format Hard Drives
Some new hard drives store data in sectors called virtual divisions of 4KB in size which is 8 times larger than the previous 512 byte standard. The Advanced Format system makes it possible to have hard drives beyond 2 TB (terabytes) and provides faster access times when formatted with a supportive OS such as Windows 7 Source: Smart Computing magazine Feb 2011

eSATA External Hard Drive

IDE/EIDE Drives IDE is also known as Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) Storage is getting less expensive: From Seagate 250GB hard drive for $ less rebate= $69.00 EIDE (ATA-2) is an enhanced version of IDE that provides higher drive capacities IDE/EIDE interface cables are long, thin and gray in appearance SATA (Serial ATA) [ Newer type of HDD ]

Serial ATA (SATA) Drives (Newer drives)
SATA provides faster speeds than standard ATA SATA devices are connected using a cable that resembles a small Category 5 Ethernet cable. There is a 7-pin data cable & a 15-pin power cable. They support connections to CD and DVD drives. Fast data transfer rate: Up to 300 MBps (600 MBps in 2008) Primary advantages: Speed and the cables are less susceptible to interference than cables used by hard disks that use parallel signals.

SATA II Disk Drives SATA means “Serial Advanced Technology Attachment”
Port Multiplier on SATA II SSD drives When a port multiplier is added to a single SATA port, a single host port can access up to 15 drives.

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
With SCSI, multiple devices can be connected to a single controller in a daisy chain configuration. You can attach as many as 15 internal or external SCSI devices to a single controller. SCSI devices include external hard drives, flash drives, printers, scanners and tape drives SCSI daisy chain must be terminated at both ends and only at the ends !

SAS (Serial Attached SCSI)
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) is a data transfer technology designed to move data to and from computer storage devices such as hard drives and tape drives. It is a point-to-point serial protocol that replaces the parallel SCSI bus technology that first appeared in the mid 1980s in corporate data centers, and uses the standard SCSI command set. At present it is slightly slower (375 Mbps) than the final parallel SCSI implementation, but in 2009 it will double its present speed to 6 Gbit/sec, allowing for much higher speed data transfers than previously available, and is "downwards"-compatible with second generation SATA drives. SATA 3.0 Gbit/s drives may be connected to SAS backplanes, but SAS drives may not be connected to SATA backplanes.

SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) cont’d
In addition to hard disks, SAS interfaces support connections to CD and DVD drives, printers, scanners, and digital cameras. SAS interfaces are usually compatible with parallel SCSI and SATA interfaces. Experts predict that SAS will eventually replace the parallel SCSI interface.

Hard Disks: Cylinder Access Method
platter What is a cylinder? track Vertical section of track through all platters sector Single movement of read/write head arms accesses all platters in cylinder read/write head platter sides p Fig. 7-15 cylinder Next

Hard Drive Partition Manager Free: www.gparted.org

Hard Disk Partitions and Logical Drives
When installing an operating system on a new computer or after recovering from a hard disk failure, prepare the hard disk for use by: Partitioning the hard disk Creating logical drives Formatting logical drives A maximum of 4 primary partitions can be placed on a hard disk, but can have only 1 extended partition The way the Master Boot Record is structured determines this limitation.

Disk Partitioning Partition disks to divide total storage space
Primary partition — the system’s boot drive, used for system startup Extended partition — the remaining drive space after you create the primary partition

Logical Disk Drives A disk partition must be assigned a logical drive identifier A primary partition is treated as a single logical drive An extended partition can be divided into multiple logical drives (drives D and E in figure)

Logical Drive Format Low-level format: High-level format:
Prepares the hard disk before disk partitions can be defined Primarily the responsibility of the hard disk manufacturer High-level format: Logical drive formatting that prepares the drive for use by the operating system Creates the file system root directory and the files used to track disk space use

File System Types Primary partitions and logical drives must be formatted so the operating system can use them Formatting creates the file system by adding information about how files should be stored on the drive to organize and manage disk storage File system types include: FAT 16, FAT32 and NTFS (Windows XP) Ext3 and ReiserFS (Linux) created by Hans Reiser Note: Hans Reiser was on trial in Feb 2008 for murdering his wife, Nina Reiser (from Russia). Reiser was a computer programming genius entering the University California at Berkeley at the young age of 14

File and Directory Permissions
NTFS allows you to set permission bits on system resources In NTFS, you can protect files so that only certain users or groups of users can read them Concerns: If permissions are applied improperly, users may take security for granted Improperly set permissions can disrupt an operating system

Disk Convert Utility Software
Information about the files on an NTFS volume and their attributes is stored in the MFT Convert utility — used to convert a partition or logical drive from FAT or FAT32 to NTFS convert drive /FS:NTFS [/v] convert C: /FS:NTFS Yes ! It works !

Disk Defragmenter Utility
As files are created and deleted, a partition can become severely fragmented Fragmented files are no longer located in contiguous clusters You can use the Disk Defragmenter utility to defragment hard disks and put files back together in a contiguous format

Disk Defragmenter What is a Disk Defragmenter ?
Reorganizes files and unused space into contiguous sectors on hard disk so programs run faster. file before defragmenting fragmented disk file after defragmenting p Fig. 8-19 Next

Chkdsk Utility You can use the Chkdsk utility in Windows NT/2000/XP/Vista/Win 7 to: Create and display a status report for a disk based on its file system List and correct errors on the disk Display the status of the disk in the current drive Files created when Chkdsk attempted to recover lost file fragments are placed in: (e.g. FILE0001.CHK) Click Start, click Run, type: chkdsk /F /R, Click OK F means to fix errors and R means to Recover data

Disk Cleanup Utility Use the Disk Cleanup utility to recover the disk space occupied by: Temporary files Unused applications Files in the Recycle Bin Files you downloaded as part of Web pages Files created when Chkdsk attempted to recover lost file fragments (e.g. FILE0001.CHK) Other software that can clean up your hard drive: Visit:

Head Crash on a Hard Disk
What is a head crash? Occurs when read/write head touches platter surface Spinning creates cushion of air that floats read/write head above platter Clearance between head and platter is approximately two-millionths of an inch A smoke particle, dust particle, or human hair could render drive unusable hair read/write head dust clearance smoke platter p Fig. 7-16 Next

first request for data—to disk cache second request for data—to HARD
Hard Disk Cache processor What is a disk cache? Portion of memory that processor uses to store frequently accessed items disk cache hard disk first request for data—to disk cache in RAM second request for data—to HARD disk p Fig. 7-17 Next

Magnetic Disk Controllers
What is a disk controller? Chip and circuits that control transfer of items from disk SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) controller uses serial signals to transfer data, instructions, and information EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics) controller supports four hard disks, provides connections for CD and DVD drives SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) controller supports up to fifteen devices including hard disks, CD and DVD drives, tape drives, printers, scanners, network cards p. 364 Next

External Hard Disks What is an external hard disk ?
Used to back up or transfer files Connects to USB 2.0 or Firewire port Maxtor One-Touch Backup: 250GB, Cost: < $ External hard disk—freestanding hard disk that connects to system unit with a USB 2.0 cable Western Digital 1TB USB 2.0 p Fig. 7-18 Next

Removable Magnetic Disks
What are external hard disks and removable hard disks? Used to back up or transfer files Removable hard disk—hard disk that you insert and remove from hard disk drive External hard disk—freestanding hard disk that connects to system unit p. 364 Fig. 7-17 Next

Internet Hard Drives (Offsite storage)
What is an Internet hard drive? Service on Web that provides storage for minimal monthly fee Files can be accessed from any computer with Web access Large files can be downloaded instantaneously Others can be authorized to access your data Web sites: p Fig. 7-19 Next

FreeDrive.com

ADrive.com

Network Attached Storage (NAS)
Network-attached storage (NAS) is file-level computer data storage connected to a computer network providing data access to heterogeneous clients.

Network Attached Storage (NAS)
A NAS unit is a computer connected to a network that only provides file-based data storage services to other devices on the network. Although it may technically be possible to run other software on a NAS unit, it is not designed to be a general purpose server. For example, NAS units usually do not have a keyboard or display, and are controlled and configured over the network, often using a browser.

Optical Discs: CDs & DVDs
What is a DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc-ROM or digital video disc-ROM)? Must have DVD-ROM drive or DVD player to read DVD-ROM Stores databases, music, complex software, and movies Blu-ray discs have storage capacity of up to 100 GB HD-DVD discs have a max storage capacity of up to 45 GB UMD (Universal Media Disc) can store up to 1.8 GB p. 372 Fig. 7-24 Next

Good Software to play DVDs !
Have you lost the capability to play DVDs with your Windows operating system ? Get the open source, cross-platform software program called the VLC Media Player from: VLC media player is a highly portable multimedia player supporting most audio and video formats (H.264, Ogg, DivX, MKV, TS, MPEG-2, mp3, MPEG-4, aac, ...) from files, physical media (DVDs, VCD, Audio-CD), TV capture cards and many network streaming protocols. It can also convert media files, transcode and act as a streaming server over unicast or multicast and IPv4 or IPv6. It doesn't need any external codec, program or codec pack to work.

CDs and DVDs What are CDs and DVDs?
Push the button to slide out the tray. Flat, round, portable metal discs with protective plastic coating Can be read only or read/write Insert the disc, label side up. Most PCs include CD or DVD drive, most play audio CDs Push the same button to close the tray. p Fig. 7-20 Next

CDs and DVDs How does a laser read data on a CD or DVD? laser diode
prism light- sensing diode 1 lens pit land disc label Step 3. Reflected light is deflected to a light-sensing diode, which sends digital signals of 1 to computer. Absence of reflected light is read as digital signal of 0. Step 2. If light strikes a pit, it scatters. If light strikes a land, it is reflected back toward diode. Step 1. Laser diode shines a light beam toward disc. p Fig. 7-21 Next

The track on a DVD is 7.5 miles long !
CDs and DVDs How is data stored on a CD or DVD? Typically stored in single track Track divided into evenly sized sectors that store items Single track spirals to edge of disc The track on a DVD is 7.5 miles long ! disc sectors p Fig. 7-22 Next

CDs and DVDs How should you care for a CD or DVD?
Do not expose the disc to excessive heat or sunlight Do store the disc in a jewel box when not in use Do not eat, smoke, or drink near a disc Do not stack discs Do hold a disc by its edges Do not touch the underside of the disc p Fig. 7-23 Next

CDs and DVDs What is a CD-ROM? Compact disc read-only memory
Cannot erase or modify contents Typically holds MB to 1 GB Commonly used to distribute multimedia and complex software p Fig. 7-24 Next

Ranges from 48X to 75X or faster X is 150 KBps (KB per second)
CDs and DVDs What is the data transfer rate of a CD-ROM drive? X = 150 KBps for a CD; X = 1350 KBps for a DVD Ranges from 48X to 75X or faster 75X 75  150 KBps = 12,250 KBps or MBps X is 150 KBps (KB per second) 48X: 48  150 KBps = 7,200 KBps or 7.2 MBps p. 7.18 Next

CD-R and CD-RW Terminology
Write Rewrite Read ( W-R-R) 52 X X X First 52X is the Write Speed 32X is the Rewrite Speed Second 52X is the Read Speed

CDs and DVDs What is a Picture CD? (JPEG format)
Resolution: x 1024 pixels (200KB to 1000 KB per photo) Film developers offer Picture CD service Can be modified using photo editing software Stores digital versions of roll of film Step 1. Drop off film to be developed. Mark the Picture CD box on the film-processing envelope. Step 3. At home, print images from Picture CD on your ink-jet photo printer. Step 2. When you pick up prints and negatives, a Picture CD contains digital images of each photograph. At a store, print images to Picture CD at kiosk. p Fig. 7-25 Next

The Photo CD by Eastman Kodak ®
Stores images from multiple rolls of film using the Image Pac, or PCD, file format developed by Kodak. Resolution can be as high as 4096 x 6144 pixels. Used for professional desktop publishing. The PhotoCD is a multisession disk (like a CD-R disk) which means you can save additional photos on the disk at a later time.

CD-Rs and CD-RWs What are CD-Rs and CD-RWs?
Must have CD recorder or CD-R drive CD-R (compact disc-recordable) —cdisc you can write on once Cannot erase disc’s contents CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable) —ceerasable disc you can write on it multiple times Must have CD-RW software and CD-RW drive p. 7.20 Next

Audio CDs How is an audio CD created? From the Internet. . .
Step 2. Song is compressed and stored on the Internet. Step 1. Artist composes a song. Step 3. User PAYS for and downloads song as audio file onto a hard disk. Step 5. User listens to song on a personal computer or removes CD and listens to song on a portable CD player. Step 4. User copies file to a CD-RW disc. p Fig. 7-26 Next

Copying Audio CDs to a Hard Drive
Ripping: The process of copying a song from a purchased audio CD to a hard disk and converting it to digital format is called “ripping” You can download MP3 music files from Web sites such as for about $15.00 per month Apple Computer’s iTunes: 99 cents per song [iPod + iTunes]

Ripping Digital Media Ripping (also referred to as digital audio extraction) is the process of copying the audio or video data from one media form, such as DVD, HD DVD, Blu-ray or CD, to a hard disk. While the original media is typically digital, the extraction of analog media such as VHS video or vinyl records to a digital format can also be referred to as "ripping". To conserve storage space, the copied data is usually encoded in a compressed format such as MP3, WMA or Ogg Vorbis for audio, or MPEG-2, MPEG-4, DivX, XviD or Ogg Theora for video. The term “Ripping” has been adopted to refer to audio extraction/duplication, though this use of the term is less common.

CDs and DVDs What is a DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc-ROM or digital video disc-ROM)? High capacity disc capable of storing 4.7 GB to 17 GB Must have DVD-ROM drive or DVD player to read DVD-ROM Stores databases, music, complex software, and movies DVD first appeared in 1997 DVD DVD drive p Fig. 7-27 Next

DVD-ROM Storage Capacities
DVD-ROMs & DVD+RWs How does a DVD-ROM store data? Two layers of pits are used, lower layer is semitransparent so laser can read through Some are double-sided DVD+RW is a rewritable DVD Can erase and record 1000 times DVD-ROM Storage Capacities Sides Layers Storage Capacity GB GB GB GB p Fig. 7-28 Next

SecurDisc: Encrypting Optical Data
One of the later technologies to hit the market: Developed jointly by Nero & Hitachi-LG Data Storage Requires a SecurDisc-enabled optical drive. Uses Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 128-bit encryption of data. Copy protection feature allows others to read the data but prevents them from copying or editing it.

DVD+RW & DVD-RW Drives DVD+RW & DVD-RW drives
Are similar to CD-RW drives Storage: 4.7 GB per side Write/Rewrite/Read Speeds: 32X 16X 32X Drives can read DVD-ROM, DVD-R, & CDs 1000 writes before DVD disc is unuseable Different DVD formats explained… p Fig. 7-28 Next

DVD: Different Formats
Why are there so many DVD Formats? The crucial difference among the standards is based on which standards each manufacturer adheres to. Similar to the old VHS/Beta tape wars when VCRs first hit the markets, different manufacturers support different standards. Often called a "format war", both the industry and consumers are still waiting to see which format will emerge as the industry standard.

DVD Formats (Plus or Minus)
Plus or Minus - What's The Difference? The different variations on the term DVD (e.g. +R, -R, -ROM, and so on) describe the way data is stored on or written to the disc itself. These are called the physical formats.

DVD+R, DVD+RW Formats DVD+R is a recordable DVD format similar to CD-R. A DVD+R can record data only once and then the data becomes permanent on the disc. The disc can not be recorded onto a second time. DVD+RW is a re-recordable format similar to CD-RW. The data on a DVD+RW disc can be erased and recorded over numerous times without damaging the medium. Note: DVDs that have been made using a +R/+RW device can be read by most commercial DVD-ROM players.

DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM Formats
DVD-R, DVD-RW and DVD-RAM These formats are supported by Panasonic, Toshiba, Apple Computer, Hitachi, NEC, Pioneer, Samsung and Sharp. These formats are also supported by the DVD Forum. DVD-R is a recordable DVD format similar to CD-R and DVD+R. A DVD-R can record data only once and then the data becomes permanent on the disc. The disc cannot be recorded onto a second time. There also are two additional standards for DVD-R disks: DVD-RG for general use, and DVD-RA for authoring, which is used for mastering DVD video or data and is not typically available to the general public.

DVD-RW, DVD-RAM Formats
DVD-RW is a re-recordable format similar to CD-RW or DVD+RW. The data on a DVD-RW disc can be erased and recorded over numerous times without damaging the medium. DVDs created by a -R/-RW device can be read by most commercial DVD-ROM players. DVD-RAM discs can be recorded and erased repeatedly but are compatible only with devices manufactured by the companies that support the DVD-RAM format. DVD-RAM discs are typically housed in cartridges. DVD-ROM DVD-ROM was the first DVD standard to hit the market and is a read-only format. The video or game content is burned onto the DVD once and the DVD will run on any DVD-ROM-equipped device. DVD-ROMs are similar to CDs.

DVD+R, DVD-R DL Formats DVD+R DL and DVD-R DL Dual layer technology is supported by a range of manufacturers including Dell, HP, Verbatim, Philips, Sony, Yamaha and others. As the name suggests, dual layer technology provides two individual recordable layers on a single-sided DVD disc. Dual Layer is more commonly called Double Layer in the consumer market, and can be seen written as DVD+R DL or DVD-R DL. DVD+R DL (also called DVD+R9) is a Dual Layer writeable DVD+R. DVD-R DL (also called DVD-R9) is a Dual Layer writeable DVD-R. The dual layered discs can hold 7.95GB The dual layered discs (DVD+R9 and DVD-R9) can hold 7.95GB and double sided dual layer (called dvd-18) can hold 15.9GB.

DVD+RAM Drives DVD+RAM drives (Speed: 5X USB 2.0 interface)
Can be erased and recorded on 100,000 times DVD+RAM disks can be read by DVD+RAM drives and DVD-ROM drives Storage capacity: 4.7 GB per side p Fig. 7-28 Next

Capacity and Nomenclature of (re)writable discs
Designation Sides Layers (total) Diameter Capacity (cm) (GB) (GiB) DVD-R SS SL (1.0) 1 12 3.95 3.68 SS SL (2.0) 4.70 4.37 DVD-RW SS SL DVD+R DVD+RW DS DL 2 9.40 8.75 DVD-RAM 8 1.46 1.36 2.65 2.47 2.58 2.40 DS DL (1.0) 5.16 4.80 DS DL (2.0)

VideoLan: Good Media Player for DVDs
Download the free open-source VLC media player from for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and other operating systems. VLC attempts to bypass the region codes embedded in most commercial DVDs which allow them to work only in DVD players sold in the same geographic region.

The Blu-ray Disc (BD) Blu-ray DVD was first introduced in 2006
Can store up to 25GB on a single-layer disc Can store up to 50GB on a dual-layer disc Uses a blue-violet laser with a 405 nm (nanometer) wavelength which is finer than the DVD’s 650 nm red laser. In February 2008, Blu-ray became the winner over Toshiba’s HD DVD format when Toshiba announced it was ending support for HD DVD.

BD-ROM Drives Most BD-ROM drives ($130.00 & up) can read CDs
and DVDs as well as Blu-ray discs. Most Blu-ray burners ($ & up) can read and write BD-R, BD-RE and recordable and rewriteable CDs and DVDs. BD discs (32 cents per GB) cost more than DVDs (20 cents per GB) BD discs cost about $8.00 for a 25GB disc.

CD, DVD, Blu-ray Disc Copiers

Use Roxio Creator 2011 to burn Blu-ray discs

Note about Hard Drive Space
A single HD (High Definition) movie can consume 20GB (or more) of hard drive space You may want a hard drive of capacity 500GB to 1 TB if you plan to “rip” (copy) movies from your hard drive to a Blu-ray disc.

Blu-Ray DVD Discs

Blu-Ray DVD Discs Blu-ray features & advantages
Record high-definition television (HDTV) without any quality loss Instantly skip to any spot on the disc Record one program while watching another on the disc Create playlists Edit or reorder programs recorded on the disc Automatically search for an empty space on the disc to avoid recording over a program Access the Web to download subtitles and other extra features

Blu-Ray DVD Players Sony Blu-ray disc player/recorder
BDP-S ($350 to $525)

Video Card for Blu-ray playback
HIS H487QT1GP Radeon HD 4870 IceQ4+ Turbo HDMI Dual DL-DVI (HDCP) 1GB (256bit) GDDR5 PCI Express 2.0 X16 RoHS Video Card Retail $199.00

HD DVD Players HD DVD competes against Blu-ray DVD technology.
Technical specs: Note: Feb 19, 2008: Toshiba announces it will no longer make HD DVD discs. The Blu-ray format wins the competition between the two formats !

DVD, Blu-Ray & HD DVD Capacities
Disc Max Capacity DVD-ROM GB (Dual layer, 2 sides) Blue-Ray GB (Quad layer, 2 sides)

Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)
The Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) is an optical disc technology that can hold up to 3.9 terabytes (TB) of information. It employs a technique known as collinear holography, whereby two lasers, one red and one green, are collimated in a single beam. The green laser reads data encoded as laser interference fringes from a holographic layer near the top of the disc while the red laser is used as the reference beam and to read servo information from a regular CD-style aluminum layer near the bottom .

Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)
HVD discs have the capacity to hold up to 3.9 terabytes (TB) of information, which is approximately 5,800 times the capacity of a CD-ROM, 850 times the capacity of a DVD, 160 times the capacity of single- layer Blu-ray Discs, and about twice the capacity of the largest computer hard drives as of August 2008.

160GB SDLT Tape Storage unit
Magnetic Tape What is tape? Magnetically coated plastic ribbon capable of storing large amounts of data at low cost Primarily used for backup 160GB SDLT Tape Storage unit p Fig. 7-29 Next

Magnetic Tape Oracle StorageTek 5 TB Tape Unit

Magnetic Tape How is data stored on a tape? Sequential access
Reads and writes data consecutively, like music tape Unlike direct access — used on floppy disks, Zip disks, hard disks, CDs, and DVDs — which can locate particular item immediately Digital audio tape DAT 2 GB to 240 GB Digital linear tape DLT 20 GB to 220 GB Linear tape-open LTO 100 GB to 200 GB Quarter-inch cartridge QIC 40 MB to 25 GB Travan TR 8 GB to 40 GB Popular Types of Tape Name Abbreviation Storage Capacity p Fig. 7-30 Next

PC Cards (formerly PCMCIA cards)
What is a PC Card? (thickness is main difference) Adds capabilities to computer Credit-card-sized device commonly used in notebook computers PC Cards Category Thickness Use Type I 3.3 mm RAM, SRAM, flash memory Type II 5.0 mm Modem, LAN, SCSI, sound, TV turner, hard disk, or other storage Type III 10.5 mm Rotating storage such as a hard disk p Figs. 7-31–7-32 Next

Miniature Mobile Storage Media
What is miniature mobile storage media? Storage for small mobile devices Miniature mobile storage media p Fig. 7-33 Next

What are common types of miniature mobile storage media? CompactFlash Smart Media USBDrive ™ Secure Digital $29.00 Memory Stick Microdrive ™ p. 7.26 Next

ExpressCard Modules An L-shaped removable device about 75 mm long and 34 mm wide. They can be used to add memory, storage, communications, multimedia, and security capabilities to a notebook computer.

What is a smart card? Stores data on microprocessor embedded in small card Input, process, output, and storage capabilities Sometimes called intelligent smart card smart card p Fig. 7-36 Next

More on Smart Cards… A smart card resembles a credit card in size and shape, but inside it is completely different. First of all, it has an inside -- a normal credit card is a simple piece of plastic. The inside of a smart card usually contains an embedded microprocessor. The microprocessor is under a gold contact pad on one side of the card. Think of the microprocessor as replacing the usual magnetic stripe on a credit card or debit card. Smart cards are much more popular in Europe than in the United States. In Europe, the health insurance and banking industries use smart cards extensively. Every German citizen has a smart card for health insurance. Even though smart cards have been around in their modern form for at least a decade, they are just starting to take off in the United States.

And still more on Smart Cards…
The microprocessor on the smart card is there for security. The host computer and card reader actually "talk" to the microprocessor. The microprocessor enforces access to the data on the card. If the host computer read and wrote the smart card's random access memory (RAM), it would be no different than a diskette. Smarts cards may have up to 8 kilobytes of RAM, 346 kilobytes of ROM, 256 kilobytes of programmable ROM, and a 16-bit microprocessor. The smart card uses a serial interface and receives its power from external sources like a card reader. The processor uses a limited instruction set for applications such as cryptography. The most common smart card applications are: Credit cards Electronic cash Computer security systems Wireless communication Loyalty systems (like frequent flyer points) Banking Satellite TV Government identification

Microfilm and Microfiche
What are microfilm and microfiche? Store microscopic images of documents on roll or sheet of film Images recorded using computer output microfilm recorder Microfilm — 100- to 215-foot roll of film Microfiche — small sheet of film, usually 4”  6” p Fig. 7-37 Next

Microfilm and Microfiche
How do life expectancies of various media compare? Microfilm and microfiche have longest life of any storage media Media Life Expectancies Magnetic disks 3 to 5 years 20 to 30 years CDs and DVDs discs 5 to 10 years 50 to 100 years Microfilm 100 years 500 years Media Type Guaranteed Life Potential Life Expectancy Expectancy p Fig. 7-38 Next

Chapter 7 Computer Storage
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Discovering Computers

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