1. © K.Fedra 2000 1 Integrating GIS and environmental models integrated tools for spatial environmental analysis

2. © K.Fedra 2000 Geographic Information Systems capture, manipulate, process, analyze, displaycapture, manipulate, process, analyze, display geo-referenced information. geo-referenced information. Spatial objects (point, lines, polygons, cell-grids, DEMs) are essentially static.Spatial objects (point, lines, polygons, cell-grids, DEMs) are essentially static. Geographic Information Systems capture, manipulate, process, analyze, displaycapture, manipulate, process, analyze, display geo-referenced information. geo-referenced information. Spatial objects (point, lines, polygons, cell-grids, DEMs) are essentially static.Spatial objects (point, lines, polygons, cell-grids, DEMs) are essentially static. GIS and modeling

3. © K.Fedra 2000 3 GIS and modeling Geographic information systems combine geometry data (coordinates and topological information) andgeometry data (coordinates and topological information) and attribute data, describing the properties of geometrical objects (points, lines, areas)attribute data, describing the properties of geometrical objects (points, lines, areas) with tools for spatial (geometric) analysis.with tools for spatial (geometric) analysis. Geographic information systems combine geometry data (coordinates and topological information) andgeometry data (coordinates and topological information) and attribute data, describing the properties of geometrical objects (points, lines, areas)attribute data, describing the properties of geometrical objects (points, lines, areas) with tools for spatial (geometric) analysis.with tools for spatial (geometric) analysis.

4. © K.Fedra 2000 4 GIS and modeling Basic concepts in GIS are: locationlocation spatial distributionspatial distribution spatial relationshipspatial relationship Basic elements: spatial objectsspatial objects Basic concepts in GIS are: locationlocation spatial distributionspatial distribution spatial relationshipspatial relationship Basic elements: spatial objectsspatial objects

5. © K.Fedra 2000 5 GIS and spatial DSS Basic spatial decision that can be supported by GIS are: Location (site selection)Location (site selection) Zoning (allocation of space)Zoning (allocation of space) Routing (path generation)Routing (path generation) Basic spatial decision that can be supported by GIS are: Location (site selection)Location (site selection) Zoning (allocation of space)Zoning (allocation of space) Routing (path generation)Routing (path generation)

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14. © K.Fedra 2000 14 GIS and modeling Basic concepts in environmental modeling are: systems statesystems state systems dynamicssystems dynamics interactioninteraction Basic elements: functional objects and processesfunctional objects and processes Basic concepts in environmental modeling are: systems statesystems state systems dynamicssystems dynamics interactioninteraction Basic elements: functional objects and processesfunctional objects and processes

15. © K.Fedra 2000 Integrating Models and GIS: shallow coupling uses the GIS as model pre- and post-processor Integrating Models and GIS: shallow coupling uses the GIS as model pre- and post-processor GIS and modeling Shared data base and files MODEL GIS

16. © K.Fedra 2000 Integrating Models and GIS: deep coupling links GIS and model into a single tool Integrating Models and GIS: deep coupling links GIS and model into a single tool GIS and Modeling Shared data base and files MODELGIS Common user interface

17. © K.Fedra 2000 Distributed Simulation Models describe the evolution of systems in terms of state variables (mass, energy, chemical species) in space and time and are inherently dynamic.describe the evolution of systems in terms of state variables (mass, energy, chemical species) in space and time and are inherently dynamic. Distributed Simulation Models describe the evolution of systems in terms of state variables (mass, energy, chemical species) in space and time and are inherently dynamic.describe the evolution of systems in terms of state variables (mass, energy, chemical species) in space and time and are inherently dynamic. GIS and modeling

18. © K.Fedra 2000 GIS and modeling Primary role of the GIS: preprocess model input data preprocess model input data display model output display model output (topical maps) (topical maps) analyze model output analyze model output (overlay and buffer analysis) (overlay and buffer analysis) Power of GIS in visualization using the familiar paradigm of the map

19. © K.Fedra 2000 Now you see it... Now you see it ….

20. © K.Fedra 2000 Now you don’t... 0000000 043511 043070 033541 177404 177403 173000 000377 177777 0000020 165352 012577 177577 112677 037552 065025 012752 165025 0000040 037552 112625 037425 037625 112625 112752 065025 065225 0000060 037625 037477 112477 065025 065277 012552 165077 137625 0000100 000377 177677 065025 037625 037552 165352 037625 065152 0000120 037477 037625 112552 037552 065077 112677 137477 065025 0000140 065277 137552 037752 165077 037477 037477 065277 112477 0000160 037477 112752 165352 000177 177552 065352 037425 065225 0000200 112425 000077 177425 012425 037552 137552 112425 112477 0000220 012425 065225 112425 012752 137425 177400 177777 000000 0000240 065077 012752 112425 112552 037625 065152 065025 012677 0000260 137425 012625 137425 112752 165352 065277 112425 065152 0000300 037552 065152 012752 012425 037677 165025 012677 165077 0000320 137477 012425 012677 037552 037425 012752 037552 065377 0000340 177400 037777 137477 065225 177677 000077 137677 037677 0000360 165277 065077 037625 137477 112752 177577 000225 065025 0000400 137677 137777 037400 000000 177400 000000 000000 000000 0000420 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000

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31. © K.Fedra 2000 31 Integrating GIS... Environmental problems are spatial problems, environmental data can almost always be georeferenced. GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for environmental analysis. Environmental problems are spatial problems, environmental data can almost always be georeferenced. GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for environmental analysis.

32. © K.Fedra 2000 32 Merging Paradigms Overlap and relationship between GIS and environmental models is apparent, so the merging of the two fields of research, technologies, or sets of methods, their paradigms, is an obvious and promising idea.

33. © K.Fedra 2000 33 Environmental Modeling: a mathematical representation of environmental processes, and relationships. Digital (numerical) Analog computers Scale models a mathematical representation of environmental processes, and relationships. Digital (numerical) Analog computers Scale models

34. © K.Fedra 2000 34 Types of Models spatially aggregated or distributedspatially aggregated or distributed model is assumed to be independent of spatial locationmodel is assumed to be independent of spatial location models uses average (lumped) values to describe a larger areamodels uses average (lumped) values to describe a larger area inputs, parameters or the transfer function vary with location, state is defined for more than one location, spatial elements interactinputs, parameters or the transfer function vary with location, state is defined for more than one location, spatial elements interact spatially aggregated or distributedspatially aggregated or distributed model is assumed to be independent of spatial locationmodel is assumed to be independent of spatial location models uses average (lumped) values to describe a larger areamodels uses average (lumped) values to describe a larger area inputs, parameters or the transfer function vary with location, state is defined for more than one location, spatial elements interactinputs, parameters or the transfer function vary with location, state is defined for more than one location, spatial elements interact

35. © K.Fedra 2000 35 Modeling Domains Atmospheric systemsAtmospheric systems Hydrologic systemsHydrologic systems Land surface and subsurfaceLand surface and subsurface Biological and ecological systemsBiological and ecological systems Risks and hazardsRisks and hazards Management and policy modelsManagement and policy models Atmospheric systemsAtmospheric systems Hydrologic systemsHydrologic systems Land surface and subsurfaceLand surface and subsurface Biological and ecological systemsBiological and ecological systems Risks and hazardsRisks and hazards Management and policy modelsManagement and policy models

36. © K.Fedra 2000 36 Modeling Domains All environmental model domains have an obvious spatial dimension. Most recent environmental models are spatially explicit (inputs and state are functions of space) X (x,y,z,t) X (x,y,z,t) All environmental model domains have an obvious spatial dimension. Most recent environmental models are spatially explicit (inputs and state are functions of space) X (x,y,z,t) X (x,y,z,t)

37. © K.Fedra 2000 37 Distributed Models are based on partial differential equations; dependent variables are functions of two or more other variables: dQ dQ dx dy (continuity equation for 2D groundwater flow) are based on partial differential equations; dependent variables are functions of two or more other variables: dQ dQ dx dy (continuity equation for 2D groundwater flow) + = 0

38. © K.Fedra 2000 38 Distributed Models and the partial differentials dQ/dx and dQ/dy dQ/dx and dQ/dy describe the gradient of discharge Q in the horizontal x and y directions. and the partial differentials dQ/dx and dQ/dy dQ/dx and dQ/dy describe the gradient of discharge Q in the horizontal x and y directions.

39. © K.Fedra 2000 39 Distributed Models The partial differential equations are solved with a numerical scheme like finite elements or finite differences. or finite differences. This requires the This requires the solution domain to solution domain to be discretized. be discretized. The partial differential equations are solved with a numerical scheme like finite elements or finite differences. or finite differences. This requires the This requires the solution domain to solution domain to be discretized. be discretized.

40. © K.Fedra 2000 40 Distributed Models Process equations are solved for each of the discrete units in the model domain. Process equations are solved for each of the discrete units in the model domain.

41. © K.Fedra 2000 41 Distributed Models coupling of cells is achievedthroughtransferprocesses such as advectionanddiffusion.coupling of cells is achievedthroughtransferprocesses such as advectionanddiffusion.

42. © K.Fedra 2000 42 Merging Paradigms Use GIS functionality for data capture, processing and display; Use GIS functionality for static, geometric analysis; Use model functionality for dynamic processes and complex analysis. Use GIS functionality for data capture, processing and display; Use GIS functionality for static, geometric analysis; Use model functionality for dynamic processes and complex analysis.

43. © K.Fedra 2000 43 GIS-Model coupling data exchange between two separate systemsdata exchange between two separate systems common interface, shared datacommon interface, shared data common interface, fully integrated functionalitycommon interface, fully integrated functionality data exchange between two separate systemsdata exchange between two separate systems common interface, shared datacommon interface, shared data common interface, fully integrated functionalitycommon interface, fully integrated functionality

44. © K.Fedra 2000 44 GIS-Model coupling data exchange between two separate systems: GIS acts as a pre- and post- processor for a dynamic environmental model. data exchange between two separate systems: GIS acts as a pre- and post- processor for a dynamic environmental model.

45. © K.Fedra 2000 45 GIS-Model coupling separate user interfaces, shared files separate user interfaces, shared files user interface GIS MODEL shared files

46. © K.Fedra 2000 46 GIS-Model coupling common user interface, shared files and memory common user interface, shared files and memory common user interface GIS MODEL shared files and memory

47. © K.Fedra 2000 47 GIS-Model coupling full integration of GIS and models together with a DSS component representing a problem-oriented user interface. full integration of GIS and models together with a DSS component representing a problem-oriented user interface. GIS DSS MODELS

48. © K.Fedra 2000 48 GIS-Model coupling GIS MODELS KBDBMS data filesrule base pre- processor post- processor interactive user interface help/explainvisualizationscenario manager

49. © K.Fedra 2000 49 Example: groundwater modeling Spatially distributed aquifer characteristics (conductivity, porosity) and inputs (recharge) are derived from appropriate maps; Model output is displayed as (animated) map overlays. Spatially distributed aquifer characteristics (conductivity, porosity) and inputs (recharge) are derived from appropriate maps; Model output is displayed as (animated) map overlays.

50. © K.Fedra 2000 50 from a digitized geological map …... from a digitized geological map …...

51. © K.Fedra 2000 51 a rasterized data set of aquifer properties is derived...

52. © K.Fedra 2000 52 The map is background and input to the model...

53. © K.Fedra 2000 53 The model output is yet another map layer.

54. © K.Fedra 2000 54 Different display styles are supported...

55. © K.Fedra 2000 55 … including pseudo 3D display of functional values.