1. Evaluation of Selenium in Bison and Their Environment Stacy Sabin, Kevin Sedivec, Chris Schauer, and Joel Caton North Dakota State University Ruth Short Bull, Lisa Colombe, and Linda Hugelen Fort Berthold Community College, Sinte Gleska University, and Sitting Bull College

2. Human health Human health Acts as an antioxidant Acts as an antioxidant Cancer, Arthritis, Heart disease Cancer, Arthritis, Heart disease Immune system Immune system Controlling viral emergence and evolution Controlling viral emergence and evolution Optimize cellular and humoral immune processes Optimize cellular and humoral immune processes Toxicity and Deficiency Toxicity and Deficiency Selenosis, Keshan disease, Kaschin-Beck disease Selenosis, Keshan disease, Kaschin-Beck disease Importance of Se

3. Bison Spiritual animal associated with Native Americans Spiritual animal associated with Native Americans Many Tribes in the Northern Great Plains raise Bison Many Tribes in the Northern Great Plains raise Bison

4. Importance of Bison as a Meat Source and Saleable Product Bison meat is fed to Citizens on Tribal Lands Bison meat is fed to Citizens on Tribal Lands Bison meat is sold in Markets Bison meat is sold in Markets Bison meat is part of the US Gov’t program in the school lunch menu in Tribal schools Bison meat is part of the US Gov’t program in the school lunch menu in Tribal schools

5. Marketing High Selenium Bison An interest among Tribal Leaders and Local Colleges to Market a High Selenium Bison product as a NICHE market An interest among Tribal Leaders and Local Colleges to Market a High Selenium Bison product as a NICHE market

6. Supplying Power of Soil Se content of parent material Se content of parent material Form Form pH pH Oxidation-reduction conditions Oxidation-reduction conditions Moisture level Moisture level Competitive ions Competitive ions Soil texture Soil texture Organic matter Organic matter Degree of aeration Degree of aeration

7. Accumulating Power of Plant Species Species Environmental factors Environmental factors Growth phase Growth phase Physiological condition of plant Physiological condition of plant

8. (Unpublished data, Franzen 2004) Se Levels in ND (ppb)

9. (Unpublished data, Franzen 2004) Se Levels in ND (ppb)

10. Marine Shales in SD Se Potential in SD

11. Objectives Determine correlations between Se concentration in soil, vegetation, and bison plasma and hair Determine correlations between Se concentration in soil, vegetation, and bison plasma and hair Determine Tribal lands with high selenium concentrations Determine Tribal lands with high selenium concentrations

12. Study Area Three Locations Three Locations Fort Berthold Fort Berthold NWND1 NWND1 NWND2 NWND2 Standing Rock Standing Rock SCND SCND NCSD NCSD Rosebud Rosebud SCSD SCSD

13. Study Area Ecological Sites Ecological Sites Claypan Claypan Loamy (Silty) Loamy (Silty) Sandy Sandy Shallow Shallow Thin Upland Thin Upland

14. Vegetation types Vegetation types Wheatgrass-needlegrass Wheatgrass-grama grass Study Area

15. Materials & Methods Vegetation Vegetation Six sites per location (Block) Six sites per location (Block) Five samples taken per site Five samples taken per site Graminoids, forbs, and selenium indicator species Graminoids, forbs, and selenium indicator species Collected twice; July and Sept/Oct Collected twice; July and Sept/Oct Not a second collection for SCSD Not a second collection for SCSD

16. Materials & Methods Soils Soils Six sites per location (Block) Six sites per location (Block) Five samples taken per site Five samples taken per site 0 to 15 cm core and 15 to 30 cm core 0 to 15 cm core and 15 to 30 cm core Collected once in July Collected once in July

17. Materials & Methods Blood Blood 12 mature female bison/herd 12 mature female bison/herd Two 10 ml Vaccutainer® EDTA coated tubes Two 10 ml Vaccutainer® EDTA coated tubes Centrifuged, decanted plasma, stored (-70º C) Centrifuged, decanted plasma, stored (-70º C) NWND1-Sept; NWND2-June/Sept; NCSD & SCND-Oct; SCSD-NA NWND1-Sept; NWND2-June/Sept; NCSD & SCND-Oct; SCSD-NA

18. Materials & Methods Hair Hair 12 mature female bison/herd 12 mature female bison/herd Clipped hair down right or left side of the rump Clipped hair down right or left side of the rump Cleaned with acetone and deionized distilled water, then dried Cleaned with acetone and deionized distilled water, then dried NWND1-Sept; NWND2-June/Sept; NCSD & SCND-Oct; SCSD-NA NWND1-Sept; NWND2-June/Sept; NCSD & SCND-Oct; SCSD-NA

19. Results and Discussion

20. Se (total) in Soils Soils Soils Range between 0.1 and 2 ppm (Swaine, 1955) Range between 0.1 and 2 ppm (Swaine, 1955) 8 ppm East Williams County, ND (Byers et al., 1948) 8 ppm East Williams County, ND (Byers et al., 1948) 0.84 a 0.14 b 0.02 0.07 b 0.06 ab (Hintze,1999) Se in ppm, ND

21. Selenium Content (soluble) by Ecological Site in 2003 0 to 15 cm soil depth (ppb) (NS)

22. Selenium Content (soluble) by Ecological Site in 2003 15 to 30 cm soil depth (ppb) (NS)

23. Soluble Selenium Content (ppb) by Soil Depth (0 to 15 cm) in North and South Dakota in 2003 ababaa (P < 0.05)

24. Soluble Selenium Content (ppb) by Soil Depth (15 to 30 cm) in North and South Dakota in 2003 ab ab (P < 0.05)

25. Se in Vegetation (individual plants) U.S. & Canada (Trelease & Beath, 1949) Plant containing 50 to 500 ppm of Se Plant containing > 500 ppm of Se

26. Se in Vegetation (Hintze 1999) 0.85 a 0.40 ab 0.20 ab 0.48 ab 0.17 b Se in ppm, ND

27. Se in Vegetation Farms with Se Toxicity, SD (Moxon, 1937)

28. Main effects and Interaction of Se in Vegetation in 2003 Species*Eco Site*Locationp=0.0375 Species*Eco Site*Locationp=0.0375 Eco Site*Locationp=0.6543 Eco Site*Locationp=0.6543 Species*Locationp=0.1623 Species*Locationp=0.1623 Eco Sitep=0.3826 Eco Sitep=0.3826 Locationp=0.0195 Locationp=0.0195 Plant Typesp=0.0050 Plant Typesp=0.0050 Sites (replication)p=0.1208 Sites (replication)p=0.1208

29. Selenium concentration (ppm) of Selected Plant Types (DM) in 2003 b a b (P < 0.1)

30. Selenium concentration (ppm) of Forages (DM) by Study Location in 2003 a b bc (P < 0.1) bc c

31. Se Concentration (ppm) in Vegetation (DM) in 2004 (Sabin 2004) 0.35 0.23 0.48 0.33 0.29

32. Se concentration (ppm) in Vegetation (Hintze 1999, Sabin 2004) 0.35 0.23 0.48 0.33 0.29 0.48 0.20 0.85 0.400.17

33. Bison Hair

34. Selenium (ppm) of Bison Hair (DM) by Location in 2003 a b ab b

35. Selenium content of Blood and Meat in BISON

36. Implications Correlations found between bison plasma & hair, vegetation, and soil could be used to test other areas for high selenium Correlations found between bison plasma & hair, vegetation, and soil could be used to test other areas for high selenium If any of these areas are found to have high selenium bison, there is the possibility of marketing the product for human health benefits If any of these areas are found to have high selenium bison, there is the possibility of marketing the product for human health benefits