1. Symbols Messaging Encoding

2. Symbol is “something that stands for or represents something else” (Vanderheiden & Yoder, 1986) “something else” = Referent

3. Symbol Characteristics Aided vs. Unaided –Unaided symbols do not require aids or devices for production. –Aided symbols require some type of external assistance such as a device for production. Iconicity referees to the continuum that describes symbols by ease of recognition. –Transparent are the easiest for individuals to recognize. –Translucent symbols are moderately recognizable once explained. –Opaque symbols are the least recognizable and typically are based on arbitrary associations. Intelligibility refers to the extent to which symbols can be understood by strangers.

4. Aided Symbol Systems Tangible Symbols –Real Objects –Miniature Objects –Partial Objects –Artificial/Textured Objects Representation/Graphic Symbols –Photographs –Line Drawings Blissymbolics, Rebus Symbols Picsyms Picture Communication symbols Abstract Symbols –Traditional orthography –Morse Code –Braille

5. Concrete Referents

6. Abstract Concepts

7. Aided Symbol Hierarchy Mirenda & Locke (1989)

8. PCS

9. Blissymbolics

10. Enhanced Blissymbolics