1. PSY 369: Psycholinguistics Language Comprehension: Visual perception

2. Beyond the segment Prosody and intonation English: Speech is divided into phrases. Word stress is meaningful in English. Stressed syllables are aligned in a fairly regular rhythm, while unstressed syllables take very little time. Every phrase has a focus. An extended flat or low-rising intonation at the end of a phrase can indicate that a speaker intends to continue to speak. A falling intonation sounds more final.

3. Beyond the segment Prosodic factors (supra segmentals) Stress Emphasis on syllables in sentences Rate Speed of articulation Intonation Use of pitch to signify different meanings across sentences

4. Beyond the segment Stress effects On meaning “black bird” versus “blackbird” Top-down effects on perception Better anticipation of upcoming segments when syllable is stressed

5. Beyond the segment Rate effects How fast you speak has an impact on the speech sounds Faster talking - shorter vowels, shorter VOT Normalization Taking speed and speaker information into account Rate normalization Speaker normalization

6. Visual language Why so much research using visual language We do use it Easy to use in research The parts Letters Words Eye movements (next lecture) Visual perception of language

7. Same object category (‘e’) may have different shapes, sizes, and orientations E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E Perhaps the brain is able to represent these objects in a way that is “translationally invariant” and “size invariant”. Invariance a problem in vision too?

8. Letter Recognition How do we recognize a group of lines and curves as letters? Two common explanations: Template matching Feature detection

9. Template matching Store in brain a copy of what every possible input will look like. Match observed object to the proper image in memory Costly: think of all the possible fonts, handwriting styles etc. Normalization before matching

10. Perceptual Representation Memory Representations Template matching

11. Prolblems with Template matching Massive numbers of templates are required (remember all those E’s?).. Predicts no transfer to novel views of the same object Objects are often obstructed/occluded E

12. Feature detection Analysis-by-synthesis 1. Letter broken down to its constituent parts 2. List of parts compared to patterns in memory 3. Best matching pattern chosen

13. A fixed set of elementary properties are analyzed Independently and in parallel across visual field. Possible examples Line Orientations: Different Sizes: Curvature: +45deg. -10deg. Free line endings: Colors: Feature detection

14. Perceptual Representation 3 Horizontal lines 1 Vertical line 4 Right angles Memory Representation 3 Horizontal lines 1 Vertical line 4 Right angles E F 2 Horizontal lines 1 Vertical line 3 Right angles A simple theory of Feature detection

15. Evidence for Features: The visual search task is straightforward, you are given some target to look for, and asked to simply decide, as quickly as possible, whether the target is present or absent in a set of objects. For example, let’s try a few searches to give you a feel for this. Search 1 - Is there an O present in the following displays?

16. Is an O present? T T O T T T

17. T T T T TTT T T T O TTT T TT TT T TT T T TT T T T TT T TTT T TT Is an O present?

18. Q Q Q O Q Q Q Q Is an O present?

19. Q QQ Q Q QQQ QQQ Q QQQ Q O Q Q QQ Q Q QQ Q Q Q QQQ Q QQQQ Q Is an O present?

20. T T O T T T T T T T TTT T T T O TTT T TT TT T TT T T TT T T T TT T TTT T TT Q Q Q O Q Q Q Q Q QQ Q Q QQQ QQQ Q QQQ Q O Q Q QQ Q Q QQ Q Q Q QQQ Q QQQQ Q

21. Another theory of Feature detection

22. Interactive Activation Model (AIM) McClelland and Rumelhart, (1981) Nodes: (visual) feature (positional) letter word detectors Inhibitory and excitatory connections between them. Previous models posed a bottom-up flow of information (from features to letters to words). IAM also poses a top-down flows of information

23. Inhibitory connections within levels If the first letter of a word is “a”, it isn’t “b” or “c” or … Inhibitory and excitatory connections between levels (bottom-up and top-down) If the first letter is “a” the word could be “apple” or “ant” or …., but not “book” or “church” or…… If there is growing evidence that the word is “apple” that evidence confirms that the first letter is “a”, and not “b”….. Interactive Activation Model (AIM)

24. + Until the participant hits some start key The Word-Superiority Effect (Reicher, 1969)

25. COURSE Presented briefly … say 25 ms The Word-Superiority Effect (Reicher, 1969)

26. U &&&&& A Mask presented with alternatives above and below the target letter … participants must pick one as the letter they believe was presented in that position. The Word-Superiority Effect (Reicher, 1969)

27. + E E & T + PLANE E &&&&& T + KLANE E &&&&& T Letter only Say 60% Letter in Nonword Say 65% Letter in Word Say 80% Why is identification better when a letter is presented in a word?

28. IAM & the word superiority effect We are processing at the word and letter levels simultaneously Letters in words benefit from bottom-up and top-down activation But letters alone receive only bottom-up activation.

29. Other Relevant Findings?. Bias towards “well-formed” stimuli Bisidentify words with uncommon spelling patterns BOUT as BOAT misidentify nonwords (e.g., SALID) as words that are like it (SALAD). Difficulty identifying nonwords with irregular spelling patterns (e.g., ITPR) more than those with regular spelling patterns (e.g., PIRT).

30. Sublexical units bigger than phonemes and graphemes? onsets and rimes onset: initial consonant or consonant cluster in a word or syllable rime: following vowel and consonants if words broken at onset-rime boundary, resulting letter clusters more easily recognized as belonging together than if broken at other points example: FL OST ANK TR vs. FLA ST NK TRO Sublexical units

31. Adding a bigram level By adding a frequency-sensitive bigram level, we can account for the findings of well-formedness along with the others.

32. Summing up Based on all of this, we are left with the claim that human word recognition is based on a feature-detector system that is biased to perceive common or recently occurring features. Based on this model, we can make explicit predictions about situations where the system will do well, and others where it will make errors … thus the system can be further tested and refined.