1. Analysis Framework III – Causality Loop Economic Development with Due Care of the Environment Health-Welfare Energy-Env. Socio-Economic Science & Eng.

2. Miles/ Vehicle Vehicle/ Person Energy/ Mile Carbon/ Energy P XXXX OccupancyVMT, PMT, FTMEnergy Efficiency Carbon Em Factor Causality Factor Transportation Causality Chain: The need to move people and goods drives the carbon emission trend. CarbonGallonsMilesPersonsVehicles

3. Miles/ Vehicle Vehicle/ Person Energy/ Mile Carbon/ Energy P XXXX Occupancy Carpool Causality Factor Transportation Carbon Footprint Causality Constraints and Criteria for Choices: Cost Time Convenience Carbon Intensity VMT, PMT, FTM Energy Efficiency CarbonGallonsMilesPersonsVehicles

4. Miles/ Vehicle Vehicle/ Person Energy/ Mile Carbon/ Energy P XXXX Occupancy Carpool Factor Choices Transportation Carbon Footprint Causality Choice Domain Personal Societal Eng Carbon Intensity VMT, PMT, FTM Energy Efficiency CarbonGallonsMilesPersonsVehicles Personal Miles/ Vehicle Vehicle/ Person Energy/ Mile Miles/ Vehicle Vehicle/ Person Carbon/ Energy Energy/ Mile Miles/ Vehicle Vehicle/ Person Miles/ Vehicle Vehicle/ Person Energy/ Mile Miles/ Vehicle Vehicle/ Person Carbon/ Energy Energy/ Mile Miles/ Vehicle Vehicle/ Person

5. Miles/ Vehicle Vehicle/ Person Energy/ Mile Carbon/ Energy P XXXX Occupancy Carpool Factor choices Transportation Carbon Footprint Causality Constraints and Criteria for Choices: Cost Time Convenience Carbon Intensity VMT, PMT, FTM Energy Efficiency CarbonGallonsMilesPersonsVehicles

6. Population - Energy/Goods Consumption– Materials Flow - Emissions E k =  c jk EM j =   b ij c jk GE i =    a i b ij c jk P Industr. Energy Transp. Energy ResCom.Engy Coal Oil GasElectric Energy SOx NOx HC PM Goods &Energy,(GE) iFuels&Mater.(FM), j Emission (EM), k Ind. Chemicals Industr. Goods Pop., P Metals Mercury a i Consump./Person b ij Fuels/Energy c jk Emission/Fuel- jjiiij Consumption of Goods and Energy:GE =  a i P Fuels and Materials Flow:FM =   a i b ij P Emission of Pollutants:EM =    a i b ij c jk P Industrial Prod. Transportation ResComercial EconMeasure(EM)

7. Coal Production and S Content Significant coal production is in the west with a much lower sulfur concentration, allowing for less sulfur pollution without decreasing consumption. The high concentration of sulfur is found in the eastern coal mined in the US. Sulfur in Western coal is generally < 1%

8. Coal Sulfur Flow in 1980 and 1998 In 1980, a major flow of sulfur in coal originated in Illinois and was transported to Florida Arrows indicate the flow of coal from the mines to the consumer By 1990, the transport of high sulfur coal from the Midwest has been replaced by low sulfur western coal

9. US Coal Production by Region Coal production in the US occurred over five major producing regions. The coal production over the eastern US has remained roughly constant throughout the century. The sharp increase since the 1980s is due to the addition of western coal.

10. Trend of Average Coal S Content The average sulfur content of coal from each region is quite different; Eastern coal is > 1%, western coal is ~0.5 %S. This average content has remained fairly constant for each region since it is determined by geological factors. Therefore, the dip in the national average sulfur content must be a direct result of the change in the source of sulfur, ie, more coal from the west is being used.

11. Sulfur Transfer by Fuels and Minerals: Theory An understanding of the flow of sulfur is paramount in moving toward sustainability. Know how much is produce, how much flows to the consumer, and how much makes it to the receptors provides a way to monitor and catch the sulfur before it makes it into the atmosphere, water, soil and etc.