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TRMM Observations of Convection over the Himalayan Region R. A. Houze and D. C. Wilton University of Washington Presented 1 February 2005 at the International.

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Presentation on theme: "TRMM Observations of Convection over the Himalayan Region R. A. Houze and D. C. Wilton University of Washington Presented 1 February 2005 at the International."— Presentation transcript:

1 TRMM Observations of Convection over the Himalayan Region R. A. Houze and D. C. Wilton University of Washington Presented 1 February 2005 at the International Brainstorming Meeting on “Modeling and Prediction over Indian Monsoon Region: Vision 2015”, National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting Department of Science & Technology, Noida, UP, India

2 TRMM Precipitation Radar Data Set Used in This Study June-September 2002, 2003 1648 Overpasses over Himalayan region Data specially processed at University of Washington Cartesianized to facilitate analysis in “Mountain Zebra” This data set optimized to analyze vertical structure of echoes

3 TRMM Satellite Instrumentation Kummerow et al, 1998  = 2 mm Important! PR measures 3D structure of radar echoes

4 Idealized Horizontal Pattern of the Radar Echo Pattern in a Mesoscale Convective System Radar reflectivityEcho type Plan View Houze 1997

5 Conceptual Model of Vertical Structure “Convective” Rain Elements Houze 1997

6 Conceptual Model of Vertical Structure “Stratiform ” Rain Elements

7 To study the vertical structure of convective regions we define 3D echo “cores” The TRMM Precipitation Radar data are provided in “bins” ~5 km in the horizontal and ~0.25 km in the vertical coresEcho cores are formed by contiguous bins (in 3D space) of reflectivity values which exceed the threshold of 40 dBZ. 3D radar echo bounded by 40 dBZ contour land echo core

8 “Deep Convection” Core: 14 June 2002, 0859 UTC “deep convection” cores are those for which the maximum height of the 40 dBZ core are greater than 10 km 16 8 055110 Distance (km) Height (km) 28N 30N 4 km level 74E76E

9 Analysis Subregions Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal °N °E Western Subregion Central Subregion Eastern Subregion INDIA

10 Normalized Frequency Distribution of 40 dBZ Convective Echo Core Heights In western region-- graupel particles lofted to great heights by strong updrafts

11 Barros et al. 2004 Lightning Frequency Based on TRMM Satellite Observations

12 “Wide Convection” Core: 22 July 2002, 13:09 UTC “wide convection” cores are those for which the area of the 40 dBZ core are greater than 1,000 km 2, corresponding to a dimension of approximately 30km 16 8 Distance (km) Height (km) 0120240 30N 34N 4 km level 72E76E

13 Cumulative Distribution of Convective Core Breadth In western region—wide convective areas more frequent

14 Analysis of stratiform echo regions Used TRMM algorithm for separating echoes into stratiform & convective regions Two criteria: Existence of bright bandLack of intense echo cores

15 22N 30N 92E100E 4.5 km level 22N 30N 92E100E Echo Classified as Stratiform “broad stratiform” cases are those for which the area classified by the TRMM algorithm as stratiform precipitation is greater than about 50,000 km 2, corresponding to a dimension of approximately 225 km “Broad Stratiform” Case: 5 June 2003, 13:47 UTC 24N 28N 94E98E 4.5 km level 16 8 0576 Distance (km) Height (km) 288 Cross Section

16 Cumulative Distribution Function for Stratiform Precipitation Areas

17 TRMM Satellite Instrumentation Kummerow et al, 1998  = 2 cm Important! PR measures 3D structure of radar echoes

18 Contoured Frequency by Altitude Diagram Relative frequency of occurrence All data 1648 overpasses

19 Convective Stratiform Reflectivity Statistics by Sub-Region, Rain-Type, & Altitude  Convection is stronger & deeper in west  Statiform more pronounced in east

20 Terrain Elevation Categories Mountain Lowland Foothill °N °E Lowland 0-300 m, Foothills 300-3000 m, Mountain >3000 km

21 Reflectivity Statistics by Subtending Terrain Lowland Foothills Mountain Convection is slightly deeper & stronger over the lowlands than the foothills

22 Intense Convective Wide Stratiform °N °E Locations of Intense Convective Cases and Wide Stratiform Cases Concavities lead to concentration of intense convection in NW and stratiform systems in NE

23 Conclusions 2 years of TRMM PR data have been processed for analysis of vertical structure of convection over the Himalayan region 40 dBZ cores deepest & broadest over NW region 40 dBZ cores in NW region can reach 17+ km— indicating graupel lofted to high levels by strong updrafts Intense convection occurs primarily over lowlands and foothills Intense convection is concentrated in the NW concavity of the Himalayas—continental regime Stratiform areas larger & more frequent over NE, concentrated in the NE concavity—indicating a more maritime convective regime.

24 End

25 Maheshwari & Mathur 1968 Thunderstorm over India “low echo centroid” (coalescence & riming)

26 Caracena et al. 1979 Colorado Rockies Big Thompson Storm 1976 “low echo centroid”

27 Contoured Frequency by Altitude Diagrams

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29

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31 Contoured Frequency by Altitude Diagram Relative frequency of occurrence All data 1648 overpasses

32 Reflectivity by Sub-Region

33 Wide Area of Convection Case: 1309 UTC 22 July 2002 00 UTC Soundings

34 Wide Area of Convection Case: 1309 UTC 22 July 2002 12 UTC Soundings

35 Broad Stratiform Case: 13:47 UTC 5 June 2003 12 UTC Soundings

36 Reflectivity Related to Rain Rate

37 20-year Alpine Autumn Precipitation Climatology (rain gauge analysis by Frei and Schaer 1998)

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