1. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Roadmap Towards Hard X-ray FELs John N. Galayda, SLAC October 30, 2003  Challenges, Initiatives  Electron Source  Compression  Undulator  Optics  Timing  Detectors  Challenges, Initiatives  Electron Source  Compression  Undulator  Optics  Timing  Detectors

2. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC FEL R&D for synchrotron radiation user facilities Jefferson Lab energy recovery FEL 3 micron to UV, high average power Brookhaven National Lab Deep-UV FEL Externally seeded, High-Harmonic Generation, to 50 nm Brookhaven Accelerator Test Facility laid foundation(gun, HGHG) Argonne National Lab LEUTL SASE, 100nm to 50 nm Stanford Linear Accelerator Center LCLS 14 GeV electron beam SASE FEL, 0.8-8 keV Jefferson Lab energy recovery FEL 3 micron to UV, high average power Brookhaven National Lab Deep-UV FEL Externally seeded, High-Harmonic Generation, to 50 nm Brookhaven Accelerator Test Facility laid foundation(gun, HGHG) Argonne National Lab LEUTL SASE, 100nm to 50 nm Stanford Linear Accelerator Center LCLS 14 GeV electron beam SASE FEL, 0.8-8 keV

3. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC 20-Year BES Facilities Roadmap Workshop February 22-24, 2003 Doubletree Hotel and Executive Meeting Center 1750 Rockville Pike Rockville, MD 20852 Proposals greater than $50M, to Department of Energy FEL-related proposals: Linac Coherent Light Source at SLAC LUX facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Recirculating linac, 2.4 GeV; HGHG to 1 keV “Green Field” FEL (no site specified) Prioritization by US DOE on 10 November 2003

4. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC 20-Year BES Facilities Roadmap Workshop February 22-24, 2003 Doubletree Hotel and Executive Meeting Center 1750 Rockville Pike Rockville, MD 20852 Recognition of importance of accelerator R&D for light sources Recognition of importance of educating accelerator experts Labs to develop a roadmap for R&D/Education

5. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Greenfield FEL Wish List Spectral coverage to 30 keV in first harmonic Comparable to large 3 rd generation facilities One could argue for 60 keV X-ray pulse ~10 12 photons Pulse duration – 100 femtosec to 100 attosec Narrow spectrum  /  < 10 -6, coherence control Multiple undulator facility About 10 FEL undulator beamlines 1-10 kHz rate at undulator Spectral coverage to 30 keV in first harmonic Comparable to large 3 rd generation facilities One could argue for 60 keV X-ray pulse ~10 12 photons Pulse duration – 100 femtosec to 100 attosec Narrow spectrum  /  < 10 -6, coherence control Multiple undulator facility About 10 FEL undulator beamlines 1-10 kHz rate at undulator

6. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Development of SC Undulators Advantages SC helical ID represent the shortest possible SASE FEL amplifier SC ID has an intrinsic capability of tuning of the wavelength SC helical ID delivers lowest heat load on optical components SC ID utilizes the same technology as a primary particle source – SC Linac Challenges Stringent requirements for quality of the magnetic field for long periodic SC magnets Reliability of the long SC ID in respect to the interaction with the powerful x-ray source Extremely high level tolerances for mechanical and vacuum systems Incorporating compatible diagnostics of electron beam and x-rays Solution Extensive prototyping is required. But technical challenges for critical elements of the SC undulator line could be solved in the period of three years with adequate funding. Advantages SC helical ID represent the shortest possible SASE FEL amplifier SC ID has an intrinsic capability of tuning of the wavelength SC helical ID delivers lowest heat load on optical components SC ID utilizes the same technology as a primary particle source – SC Linac Challenges Stringent requirements for quality of the magnetic field for long periodic SC magnets Reliability of the long SC ID in respect to the interaction with the powerful x-ray source Extremely high level tolerances for mechanical and vacuum systems Incorporating compatible diagnostics of electron beam and x-rays Solution Extensive prototyping is required. But technical challenges for critical elements of the SC undulator line could be solved in the period of three years with adequate funding.

7. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source recommendation: Essential for exploring future science using intense femtosecond coherent X-ray beams DoE Critical Decision 0 and 1 have been approved Essential for exploring future science using intense femtosecond coherent X-ray beams DoE Critical Decision 0 and 1 have been approved Recommend continued strong support

8. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source Project Description SLAC Linac Two Chicanes for bunch compression Undulator Hall Near Hall Far Hall Injector

9. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Estimated Cost, Revised Schedule $200M-$240M Total Estimated Cost range $245M-$295M Total Project Cost range FY2005Long-lead purchases for injector, undulator FY2006 Construction begins January 2008 FEL Commissioning begins September 2008 Construction complete $200M-$240M Total Estimated Cost range $245M-$295M Total Project Cost range FY2005Long-lead purchases for injector, undulator FY2006 Construction begins January 2008 FEL Commissioning begins September 2008 Construction complete 20022003200420052006FY2008FY2009 ConstructionOperation FY2001FY2002FY2003FY2004FY2005FY2006FY2007 CD-1CD-2a CD-2b CD-3a CD-3b CD-0 Title I Design Complete XFEL Commissioning CD-4

10. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Capabilities Spectral coverage: 0.15-1.5 nm Peak Brightness: 10 33 Average Brightness: 3 x 10 22 Pulse duration: <230 fsec Pulse repetition rate: 120 Hz Photons/pulse: 10 12 To 0.5 Ǻ in 3 rd harmonic

11. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Common Challenges for X-ray Free-Electron Lasers High- brightness sources of electrons Challenges of Bunch Compression X-ray optics X-ray diagnostics/control for timing and pulse length High- brightness sources of electrons Challenges of Bunch Compression X-ray optics X-ray diagnostics/control for timing and pulse length

12. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Common Challenge- High Brightness Electron Sources Photocathode Laser Numerical techniques for gun design Verification with experiment Diagnostic Techniques 500 kV Spring-8 DC Injector

13. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC  mm-mrad/nC  mm-mrad Gaussian(9ps) 1.85±0.13 0.83±0.05 Square (9ps) 0.92±0.05 0.81±0.03 Laser pulse length: 9ps FWHM Emittance measurements for gaussian and square laser pulse shapes The reduction of the linear space-charge emittance for the square pulse shape: ~50%. ~50%. Courtesy of F. Sakai Record Emittances @ Sumitomo SHI + FESTA

14. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Meeting the Challenge - Gun Testing Facilities PITZ SSRL GTF More facilities at ATF at Brookhaven, ANL Gun Test Facility, VESTA, … Thorough characterization of existing designs Many concepts to be explored: Multi-cell gun 2-frequency gun Overmoded gun Hybrid DC/RF gun Needle Cathode Other cathodes

15. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Common Challenge – Coherent Synchrotron Radiation   s xxxx bend-plane emittance growth January 14-18, 2002 at DESY-Zeuthen (Berlin, GERMANY) Chicane CSR Test-Case Coherent Synchrotron Radiation Theory Numerical computations: ANL, SLAC, TESLA, JLAB, ENEA Experiment Short, high current bunches S. Heifets, S. Krinsky, G. Stupakov, SLAC-PUB 9165, March 2002 Z. Huang, K. J. Kim, PRSTAB 5 074401(2002) E. Saldin, et al. TESLA-FEL 2002-2 (submitted to NIM) SC-wiggler damps bunching

16. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Common Challenge- Longitudinal Space Charge Effects ICFA Future Light Sources Sub-Panel Mini Workshop on Start-to-End Simulations of X-RAY FELs August 18-22, 2003 at DESY-Zeuthen (Berlin, GERMANY) Saldin/Schneidmiller/Yurkov, TESLA-FEL-2003-02 50100150200250300 50 100 150 BNL SDL Observations 0246 0 50 100 150 200 Time (ps) Current (A) File: csr01, FWHM = 2.2 ps

17. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Meeting the Challenge - Testing Bunch Compression CLIC Test Facility TTF LEUTL SDL SPPS VISA Countermeasures – Not as easy to test Careful control of gun laser characteristics Laser Heating, leading to Landau damping Superconducting wiggler (at high energy)

18. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC SPARC Project C. Ronsivalle First Parmela Simulation of RF Compressor

19. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC SLAC linac tunnel Undulator Hall Linac-0 L =6 m Linac-1 L =9 m Linac-2 L =330 m Linac-3 L =550 m BC-1 L =6 m BC-2 L =22 m DL-2 L =66 m DL-1 L =12 m Undulator L =121.8 m 150 MeV  z  0.83 mm    0.10 % 250 MeV  z  0.19 mm    1.8 % 4.54 GeV  z  0.023 mm    0.76 % 4.54-14.35 GeV  z  0.023 mm    0.02 %...existing linac new RFGun 25-1a30-8c21-1b21-1d X Linac-X L =0.6 m 21-3b24-6d BeamDump Exp Halls 1.5 Å 8 GW  z  0.023 mm 15 Å 17 GW  z  0.023 mm 140 MeV 500 MeV 2.5 GeV 7 MeV  z  0.83 mm    0.2 % Final Stages of Compression are at High Energy

20. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Common Challenges – SASE LCLS Simulation TTF x-ray pulse length data The FEL wants to make shorter pulses How to measure and control SASE pulse length- Is <1 fs possible?

21. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC  z z z V = V 0 sin(  ) z0z0z0z0 zzzz  z = R 56  Under- compression Over- compression RF Accelerating Voltage Voltage Path Length-Energy Dependent Beamline Path Length-Energy Dependent Beamline Bunch Compression

22. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC peak current reduced  x = 50  m  x = 250  m peak current preserved Choose slot for shortest e  pulse, while retaining full peak current

23. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC 2 fsec fwhm z  60 m x-ray Power

24. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Short Bunches and Diagnostics P. Emma, J. Frisch, P. Krejcik, G. Loew, X.-J. Wang eeee zzzz 2.44 m   90° V(t)V(t)V(t)V(t) xxxxRF‘streak’ S-band Initial laser chirp Polarizer Analyzer EO Crystal Bunch charge Gated spectral signal Spectrometer ll t t ss I Electron bunch Co-propagating Laser pulse Beam pipe Tested at SLAC Tested at TTF Added to TTF-II Added To SPPS

25. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Meeting the Challenge- Testing Optics, X-ray Diagnostics, Timing Sub-Picosecond Pulse Source, TTF Direct Measurement of x-ray pulse duration, timing Damage to Optics Focusing, split/delay while preserving short pulse

26. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Damping Ring (   30  m ) SLAC Linac 1 GeV 20-50 GeV FFTB RTL Short Bunch Generation in the SLAC Linac 28 GeV 30 kA 80 fsec FWHM 1.5% Add 12-meter chicane compressor in linac at 1/3-point (9 GeV) 9 ps 0.4 ps <100 fs 50 ps Existing bends compress to <100 fsec ~1 Å

27. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC ParametersValuesUnits Electron beam energy28Gev Horizontal emittance9.1x10 -10  m-rad Vertical emittance1.8x10 -10  m-rad Beam current30,000Amperes Photon pulse length, FWHM80fsec Repetition rate30Hz Fundamental photon energy8.3[keV] Peak Brightness 4.0  10 24 ph/s,mm 2,mr 2,0.1%bw Average Brightness 9.7  10 12 ph/s,mm 2,mr 2,0.1%bw Peak spectral flux 3.6  10 20 ph/s,0.1% bw, all angles Average spectral flux 8.6  10 8 ph/s,0.1% bw, all angles Output photons per pulse 2.9  10 7 ph/0.1% bw, all angles R. Tatchyn Calculations SPPS Performance based on Advanced Photon Source Wiggler A

28. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC SPPS Collaboration: Institutional Members APS Argonne Nat’l Lab BioCARS Copenhagen Univ. DESY NSLS Brookhaven Nat’l Lab SLAC/SSRL UC Berkeley Univ. of Michigan Univ. of Uppsala

29. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Probing the rocking curve 18 steps:  =-1.0° to  =+0.4° Single exposures gated CCD, 62 ms Probing the rocking curve 18 steps:  =-1.0° to  =+0.4° Single exposures gated CCD, 62 ms Intensity fluctuations 90 exposures @ 10 Hz, gated CCD, 62 ms  =0, Max. of rocking curve Single pulse exposures

30. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC LCLS R&D Collaboration FEL Theory, FEL Experiments, Accelerator R&D, Gun Development, Undulator R&D UCLA LLNL

31. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC LCLS Construction Collaboration FEL Theory, FEL Experiments, Accelerator R&D, Gun Development, Undulator R&D UCLA LLNL SLAC: Accelerator Systems, Experiment Stations, Buildings ANL:Undulator Systems LLNL:X-ray High Power Optics

32. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Collaborative research agreements with TESLA XFEL Lab – Bunch Compression, X-ray Optics INFN Frascati SPARC FEL project- Laser & Gun R&D UCLA LLNL

33. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC SLAC-DESY/TESLA FEL Collaboration 1 November SLAC/DESY FEL Collaboration Workshop Albrecht Hermann Ray Jonathan Wagner Schunck Orbach Dorfan Director Ministry of DOE Office Director DESY Science/Education of Science SLAC

34. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC Detectors and X-ray Optics Fastest time-resolving detectors (streak cameras) currently have time resolution of about 500 fs. Also limited by poor quantum efficiency for x-rays. Further R&D could push the resolution down to 100 fs. Many fast experiments can use pump/probe, where time resolution depends on pump and probe durations, allowing a variety of slow detectors to be used. R&D on x-ray optics such as pulse splitters and delay lines will benefit this approach. Nearly all sub-picosecond pulse diagnostics, including measurement of pulse length and calibration of pump/probe system, require correlation methods that detect overlap of two pulses with femtosecond precision. R&D on such methods in the x-ray range has hardly begun. This is the most critical development area for FEL scientific applications. High FEL pulse intensity invites the use of large area detectors to collect all data in a single shot. High data rates, high dynamic range, and low noise are all required. Existing x-ray CCD detectors will not suffice; R&D into other technologies, such as pixel array detectors, is needed.

35. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC SummarySummary LCLS project a near-term priority in US FEL R&D Roadmap Potential for great progress with existing FEL/e- beam test facilities, particularly in gun R&D Great opportunities for accelerator development when the first generation of hard x-ray FELs are built LCLS project a near-term priority in US FEL R&D Roadmap Potential for great progress with existing FEL/e- beam test facilities, particularly in gun R&D Great opportunities for accelerator development when the first generation of hard x-ray FELs are built

36. LCLS Overview galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ESFRI Workshop 30 October 2003 John N. Galayda, SLAC End of Presentation