1. CHAPTER NINE THE JUDICIARY

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 2 The Structure of State Court Systems The Two Tiers of Courts –Trial Courts –Appellate Courts Structural Reforms

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 3 Figure 9.1 Simplicity and Complexity in State Court Systems

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 4 How Judges Are Selected Legislative Election Popular Election –Partisan Popular Election –Nonpartisan Popular Election –The Problems with Popular Elections Merit Plan –The Missouri Plan –The Politics of Merit Selection Gubernatorial Appointment

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 5 Figure 9.2 Appellate and Major Trial Court Selection Plans

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 6 How Judges Are Selected (continued) Which Selection Plan Is Best? Removal of Judges

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 7 Judicial Decision Making In and Out of the Trial Court Inside the Appellate Court Influence of the Legal System –Institutional Arrangements –Legal Procedures and Precedent –Case Load Pressures –Access to the System Personal Values, Attitudes, and Characteristics of Judges

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 8 New Judicial Federalism Judicial Activism in the States Current Trends in State Courts

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 9 Administrative and Organizational Improvements Financial Improvements Dealing with Growing Caseloads Compensating the Judges State Courts Enter the 2000s