2. Nebulas are made up of gas left behind by stars forming or exploding There are different classes of Nebulas The classes are: Reflection Nebulae, Emission Nebulae, Dark Nebulae, Planetary Nebulae, Supernova Nebulae The word nebula comes from Ancient Roman and European times when Latin was the main language in the western world, and was used to describe most scientific terms

3. In Latin, the word nebula means a cloud, or a mist, or a vapor Nebulae is the plural of Nebula Nebulae come in many different shapes and sizes Emission nebulae are clouds of high temperature gas Life couldn’t exist on a Nebula because it’s a cloud Nebulae are part of a stars formation, it’s how they are born

5. T h e C a t ’ s E y e N e b u l a i s t h r e e t h o u s a n d l i g h t y e a r s a w a y f r o m E a r t h Charles Messier was the first to discover a nebula He was originally looking for comets but he found a few smudges of color in the sky William Herschel discovered the first nebula ever, it was a Crab Nebula Crab Nebula

7. stars are hot balls of hydrogen and helium, with nuclear fusion at their core They can live billions and even trillions of years, consuming their hydrogen fuel But ancient peoples had no idea what they were stars played a part in most religious ceremonies, and navigators used them to travel at night, over land and the sea

8. The sun is the closest star to Earth It’s located about 150 million km away The distances to stars in space is huge Even the closest stars would take thousands of human lifetimes to reach

9. The smallest stars out there are the tiny red dwarfs Red Dwarf stars have 7.5% the mass of the Sun The color of the star depends on the temperature The coolest stars are red and the hottest colors are blue Types of stars: red dwarfs, brown dwarfs, super giants, neutron stars, and wolf rayet stars

10. there is no way that there could be life on a star because stars are hot bodies of glowing gas. If someone decided to try to go to a star they wouldn’t be able to step foot on it like the moon because it is hot and made up of gas

11. diagram of a pulsar showing its rotation axis, its magnetic axis, and its magnetic field A pulsar is a neutron star that emits beams of radiation that sweep through Earth's line of sight Pulsars seem to pulse from our view because the rotation of the neutron star causes the beam of radiation generated within the magnetic field to sweep in and out of our line of sight with a regular period

12. Pulsars were discovered by Jocelyn Bell at Cambridge University in 1976 A pulsar is a very dense, rapidly spinning, and electro-magnetic radiation emitting neutron star Scientist still don’t know what makes pulsars spin so rapidly A pulsar usually has a radius of 8-16 kilometers but has a very great gravitational pull because of it’s density You aren’t able to live on a pulsar or step onto one

13. What a Pulsar is made up of

14. The closest Pulsar to the Earth is 200 kilometers away Pulsars usually die based on the size of it There are three different types of pulsar: rotation- powered pulsar, accretion-powered pulsar, and magnetars Besides being a neutron star, it has small size, solar mass of material, mostly neutrons, large density like an atomic nucleus, strong magnetic field, and fast rotation, pulsars slow in their rotation rates as they age

15. The sphere in the middle represents the neutron star, the curves indicates the magnetic field lines and the protruding cones represent the emission beams

16. Quasars are extremely bright masses of energy and light The name quasar is actually short for quasi- stellar radio source or quasi-stellar object Quasars are the brightest objects in our universe, although to see one through a telescope they do not look that bright at all Quasars are extremely distant and are the farthest from our galaxy They emit radio waves, x- rays, and light waves

17. Quasars appear as faint red stars to us A quasar is believed to be a super massive black hole surrounded by an accretion disk An accretion disk is a flat, disk like formation of gas that rapidly spirals around a larger object, like a black hole, a new star, or a white dwarf It is very hard to be able to tell the size and density of a quasar because of how great its gravity pull is

18. Quasars are generally considered to be 10 to 12 billion light years away First quasar to ever be discovered was the EC- 273 But, the closest Quasar is PKS-2349 which is only about 1500 million light years away from Earth Quasars can live for a very long time scientists say that quasars that were discovered around 35 years ago are still there

19. PKS-2349 Quasar

20. Some physical characteristics of a Quasar is: star like object identified with a radio source, changeable light, large change of radiation, wide emission, and large red shifts It is impossible to live on a Quasar because it is to bright where you could go blind

21. Nebulas are made up of gas left behind by stars forming or exploding stars are hot balls of hydrogen and helium, with nuclear fusion at their core A pulsar is a neutron star that emits beams of radiation that sweep through Earth's line of sight Quasars are extremely bright masses of energy and light The name quasar is actually short for quasi-stellar radio source or quasi-stellar object The smallest stars out there are the tiny red dwarfs