1. Congenital Heart Disease
Prof. Pavlyshyn H.A.

2. Congenital heart disease (CHD) – general points
is a defect in the structure of the heart and
great vessels which is present at birth
CHD are the main cause of defect-related deaths
Incidence is 8-9/1000 live births
• More common in premature infants
• May be associated with a significant musculoskeletal defect
(e.g. diaphragmatic hernia, exomphalos, tracheo-oesophageal fistula, imperforate anus)

3. Congenital heart disease (CHD)
• Causes are multifactorial and include maternal illness (diabetes mellitus, phenylketonuria, and systemic lupus erythematosus), maternal infections (Rubella), drugs (lithium, thalidomide), known teratogens, harmful habits (alcohol, hydantoin)
and associations with chromosomal abnormality or other recognized patterns of malformation or syndrome;
Trisomy 18
100% have CHD

4. Evaluation of the newborn

5. Recognition of Cyanosis
Cyanosis = blue color of skin and mucous membranes
caused by reduced oxygen content
oxygen content of blood depends upon: Hgb level oxygen saturation blood flow
cyanosis usually noted when Sat’s <86%
cyanosis more easily seen in polycythemia
cyanosis more difficult to see in anemia
Acrocyanosis vs. central cyanosis

6. Recognition of Cyanosis
Central cyanosis
noted in the trunk, tongue, mucous membranes
due to reduced oxygen saturation
Peripheral cyanosis
noted in the hands and feet, around mouth
due to reduced local blood flow

7. Recognition of Cyanosis
Differential cyanosis
1. pink upper, blue lower
CoA (Coarctation of the aorta), IAA (Interrupted aortic arch), Pulm Htn
2. blue upper, pink lower Transposition of the great vessels
d-TGA with pulm Htn dextro-Transposition of the great arteries
*indicates serious underlying cardiac or lung disease*

8. Chest Radiograph may be helpful
The following lesions present with reduced pulmonary vascular markings
• Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
• Pulmonary atresia
• Tricuspid atresia
• Critical pulmonary stenosis
The following lesions present with increased pulmonary vascular markings on chest X-ray
• VSD, Transposition of the great arteries (TGA)
• Truncus arteriosus
• Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD)

9. a. Mutation at chromosome 15q21.1 b. Trisomy 21 c. XO karyotype
A 15-year-old girl with short stature, neck webbing, and sexual infantilism is found to have coarctation of the aorta. A chromosomal analysis likely would demonstrate which of the following?
a. Mutation at chromosome 15q21.1
b. Trisomy 21
c. XO karyotype
d. Defect at chromosome 4p16
e. Normal chromosome analysis

11. Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease ↑ Pulmanary blood flow
Left-to-Right Shunt Lesions
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AV Canal)

12. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
PDA – Persistence of the normal fetal vessel that joins the PA to the Aorta.
Normally closes in the 1st wk of life.
Female:Male ratio of 2:1
Often associated w/
coarctation & VSD.

13. to R arm
& head
To L arm
MHMC PDA ligation

14. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Hemodynamics
As a result of higher aortic pressure, blood shunts L to R through the ductus from Aorta to PA.

15. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Clinical Signs & Symptoms
tachycardia
respiratory problems - shortness of breath
Poor growth
Differential cyanosis - cyanosis of the lower extremities but not of the upper body.

16. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Clinical Signs & Symptoms
Characteristic systolic-diastolic murmur at the base of the heart with maximum in the PA
It localized to the 2nd left intercostal space or radiate down the left sternal border or to the left clavicle.

17. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Clinical Signs & Symptoms
Classic continuous machine-like murmur
It begins soon after onset of the 1st sound, reaches maximal intensity at the end of systole, and wanes in late diastole.
prominent apical impulse enlarged heart,
Left subclavicular thrill
Bounding pulse
Widened pulse pressure

18. Chest X-ray pulmonary vascularity is increased;
enlargement of left sided heart

19. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Treatment
Indomethacin - can be used in premature infants (0.2 mg/kg)
Ibuprofen mg\kg
PDA requires surgical or catheter closure.
Closure is required treatment heart failure & to prevent pulmonary vascular disease.
Mortality is < 1%

20. How can you characterize the PDA?
Cyanotic CHD with R-to-L shunt
Cyanotic CHD with mixed blood flow
Acyanotic CHD with R-to-L shunt
Acyanotic CHD with L-to-R shunt
Cyanotic CHD with ↓ Pulmonary blood flow

21. Ventricular Septal Defect
VSD – is an abnormal opening in the ventricular septum, which allows free communication between the Rt & Lt ventricles.
Accounts for 25% of CHD.

22. Ventricular Septal Defect
During systole some of the blood from the LV leaks into the RV, passes through the lungs and reenters the LV via the pulmonary veins and LA.
Such circuitous route of blood causes volume overload on the LV.
The LV normally has a much higher systolic pressure (~100 mm Hg) than the RV (~85 mm Hg) and through VSD blood leaks into the RV and elevates RV pressure and volume, causing Pulm HTN.
These changes lead to elevated RV & pulmonary pressures & volume hypertrophy of the LA & LV.

23. Ventricular Septal Defect
Clinical Signs & Symptoms
• Small - moderate VSD, 3-6mm, are usually
asymptomatic.
Small defects located predominantly in the muscular septum with slight hemodynamic impairment (Tolochinov-Roge disease)
• Moderate – large VSD, almost always have
symptoms and will require surgical repair.

24. Ventricular Septal Defect
Clinical Signs & Symptoms
If the defect is large and pulmonary vascular resistance is not significantly elevated (L-t-R-shunt)
– growth failure, CHF, repeated lower respiratory tract infections (begin at 1-2month);
If the defect is large and pulmonary vascular resistance is very high (Eisenmenger’s reaction) – shortness of breath, dyspnea on exertion, chest pain, cyanosis;

25. Ventricular Septal Defect
Listen at the back for radiation of murmurs
Pansystolic/holosystolic murmur - loud, harsh, blowing heard best over the LLSB, frequently is accompanied by thrill (depending upon the size of the defect) +/-
more prominent with small VSD, may be absent with a very large VSD.

26. Ventricular Septal Defect
Chest X-ray:
increased pulmonary vascularity,
enlargement of the LA and LV;

27. CXR: progressive dilatation of heart.
cardiomegaly
increased pulmonary vascularity,
enlargement
of the LA and LV;

28. ECG:
overload of LV and RV І ІІ
ІІІ
AVR
AVL
AVF V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6
LA, LV or biventricular hypertrophy. RV hypertrophy predominates when pulmonary vascular resistance is high.

29. Ventricular Septal Defect
Treatment
• Small VSD - no surgical intervention, no
physical restrictions;
Bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis is indicated.
• Symptomatic VSD - Medical treatment
initially with afterload reducers & diuretics.

30. Atrial Septal Defect - ASD
is a form of CHD that enables blood flow between the left and right atria via the interatrial septum (it is possible for blood to travel from the left side to the right side of the heart).
Seen in 10% of all CHD.
There are 3 major types:
Secundum ASD
Primum ASD – low in the septum
• Sinus Venosus ASD
Sinus Venosus

31. ASD with left-to-right shunt
In normal, the chambers of the left side of the heart are higher pressure than of the right side;

32. ASD with left-to-right shunt
In the case of a large ASD (>9mm), may result in left-to-right shunt, blood will shunt from the LA to the RA.
This extra blood may cause a volume overload of both the right atrium and the right ventricle.
Ultimately the RV must push out more blood than the LV due to the L-to-R shunt. This condition can result in eventually RV-failure (dilatation and decreased systolic function) and Pulm Htn.

33. Atrial septal defect with left-to-right shunt
When the pressure in the RA rises to the level in the LA, the left-to-right shunt will diminish or cease.
When the pressure in the RA to be higher than the pressure in the LA and will reverse the shunt → right-to-left shunt will exist (this phenomenon is known as Eisenmenger’s syndrome).

34. Clinical Signs & Symptoms
Atrial Septal Defect
Clinical Signs & Symptoms
• Most are asymptomatic, but may have easy fatigability, mild growth failure, frequent lower respiratory tract infection.
• Cyanosis does not occur unless Pulm HTN or R-to-L shunt is present.

35. Atrial Septal Defect Physical finding RV heave (RV systolic lift
• mild left precordial bulge (hyperactive precordium);
RV heave (RV systolic lift
is palpable at the LSB);
Feel the precordium for hyperactivity
and for thrills

36. Atrial Septal Defect
Loud 1st heart sound, sometimes pulmonic ejection click;
The 2nd heart sound is widely split and fixed in all phases respiration;

37. Listen carefully
Systolic ejection murmur – its medium pitched, seldom accompanied by a thrill, and best heard at the LSB (left middle and upper sternal border);
Short, rumbling mid-diastolic murmur produced by the increased volume of blood flow across the tricuspid valve is often audible at the LLSB (lower left sternal border) .

38. Atrial Septal Defect Diagnosis
• X-ray chest: pulmonary vascularity is increased
ECG: right-axis deviation;
Echo-CG: RV is enlarged, defect is visualized;

39. right-axis deviation, hypertrophy RV, RAІ ІІ
ІІІ
AVR
AVL
AVF V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6
ECG:
right-axis deviation, hypertrophy RV, RA

40. Atrial Septal Defect Treatment:
Surgical or catheterization laboratory closure is generally recommended for secundum ASD.
• Closure is performed electively between ages 2 & 5 yrs to avoid late complications. •
• Mortality is < 1%.

41. Coarctation of the Aorta
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Obstruction to blood flow from ventricles
Coarctation of the Aorta
Pulmonary Stenosis
Aortic Stenosis

42. Coarctation of the Aorta
Coarctation- is narrowing of the aorta at varying points anywhere from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation.
Male: Female ratio 3:1.
Accounts for 7 % of all CHD.

43. Coarctation of the Aorta
Hemodynamics
Obstruction of left ventricular outflow  LV afterload increases  pressure hypertrophy of the LV.

44. Coarctation of the Aorta
Clinical Signs & Symptoms
Higher BP in the upper extremities as compared to the lower extremities.
90% have systolic hypertension of the upper extremities.

45. Coarctation of the Aorta Clinical Signs & Symptoms
Classic signs of coarctation are diminution or absence of femoral pulses.
Pulse discrepancy between rt & lt arms.
Feel the pulses
especially brachial and femoral

46. Coarctation of the Aorta
Clinical Signs & Symptoms
Sings of low cardiac output, poor peripheral perfusion - LE hypoperfusion, acidosis, HF and shock.
Decreased and delayed pulses in lower extremities.
Systolic ejection LSB.
Cardiomegaly, rib notching on X-ray.

47. Coarctation of the Aorta
rib notching

48. Coarctation of the Aorta
Treatment
With severe coarctation maintaining the ductus with prostaglandin E is essential.
Surgical intervention, to prevent LV dysfunction.
Angioplasty is used by some centers.
Balloon angioplasty is the procedure of choice.

49. Pulmonary Stenosis
Pulmonary Stenosis is obstruction in the region of either the pulmonary valve or the subpulmonary ventricular outflow tract.
Accounts for 7-10% of all CHD.
Most cases are
isolated lesions

50. Pulmonary Stenosis Hemodynamics RV pressure hypertrophy  RV failure.
RV pressures maybe > systemic pressure.
Post-stenotic dilation of main PA.
W/intact septum & severe stenosis  R-L shunt through FO  cyanosis.
Cyanosis is indicative of Critical PS.

51. Clinical Signs & Symptoms
Pulmonary Stenosis
Clinical Signs & Symptoms
Depends on the severity of obstruction.
Asymptomatic w/ mild PS < 30mmHg.
Mod-severe: mmHg, > 60mmHg
Prominent jugular a-wave
RV lift, RV heave
Split 2nd hrt sound
Ejection click, followed by systolic murmur.
Heart failure & cyanosis not relieved by inhaled oxygen seen in severe cases.

52. Pulmonary Stenosis Treatment
Balloon valvuloplasty, treatment of choice.
Surgical valvotomy is also a consideration.

53. Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Severe Cyanosis PaO2 ≤ 40 mmHg
Obstruction to RV outflow causes intracardiac R-to-L shunting
Complex anatomic defects cause an admixture of pulmonary and systemic venous return in the heart
Decreased pulmonary blood flow
Tricuspid atresia, intact ventricular septum
Critical pulmonary stenosis
Ebstein’s anomaly
Tetralogy of Fallot*
Chest X-Ray
Decreased pulmonary vascular markings
“Boot-shaped heart” in Tetralogy of Fallot

54. Right sided obstruction
Tetralogy of Fallot
Obstruction of RV outflow (Pulmonary stenosis);
VSD;
Dextroposition of the aorta with override of the ventricular septum;
RV hypertrophy

55. Assessment Findings with Tetralogy of Fallot
Symptoms are variable depending of degree of obstruction
Cyanosis – is variable (isn’t present at the birth, occurs later in the 1st yr of life)
Digital clubbing and hyperpnea at rest are directly related to the degree of cyanosis
Tachycardia
Mental retardation
Retarded growth and development
RV heave
Systolic ejection murmur is heard along the left sternal border

56. Assessment Findings with Tetralogy of Fallot
Paroxymal dyspnea
Severe dyspnea on exertion
Squatting position for the relief of dyspnea caused physical effort,
“Blue” spells, “tet” spells, paroxysmal hypercyanotic attacks – infant becomes hyperpnea, restless, cyanosis increases, gasping respirations, syncope

57. Hypercyanotic Spells/Blue Spells/Tet Spells
Clinical Manifestations
٭ Most often occurs in morning after feedings, defecation, or crying
٭ Acute cyanosis
٭ Hyperpnea
٭ Inconsolable crying
٭ Hypoxia which leads to acidosis

58. Chest X-Ray
Decreased pulmonary vascular marking
“Boot-shaped heart”

59. Treatment of the Child with TOF
Decrease cardiac workload
Prevention of intercurrent infection
Prevention of hemoconcentration
Surgical repair – palliative or corrective surgery

60. Balloon Dilatation of Pulmonic Valve

61. d-Transposition of the Great Arteries

62. d-Transposition of the Great Arteries
Pathophysiology
Cyanosis due to failure of delivery of pulmonary venous blood to the systemic circulation
Two parallel circulations with no mixing
Open atrial septum (fossa ovalis) allows some left-to-right shunt, enhanced by a left-to-right ductus arteriosus shunt
Presence of ventricular septal defect facilitates mixing

63. Transposition of the Great Arteries
Aorta from right ventricle, pulmonary artery from left ventricle.
Cyanosis from birth, hypoxic spells sometimes present.
Heart failure often present.
Cardiac enlargement and diminished pulmonary artery segment on x-ray.

64. Transposition of the Great Arteries
Anatomic communication must exist between pulmonary and systemic circulation, VSD, ASD, or PDA.
Untreated, the vast majority of these infants would not survive the neonatal period.

65. Transposition of the Great Arteries Clinical Manifestations
Cyanosis, tachypnea are most often recognized within the 1st hrs or days of life.
Hypoxemia is usually moderate to severe, depending on the degree of atrial level shunting and whether the ductus is partially open or totally closed.
Physical findings, other than cyanosis, may be remarkably nonspecific.
Murmurs may be absent, or a soft systolic ejection murmur may be noted at the midleft sternal border.

66. d-Transposition of the Great Arteries
Chest film
Oval-shaped heart
Narrow mediastinum
Normal or increased pulmonary vascular markings

67. D-Transposition of the Great Arteries
This condition is a medical emergency,
and only early diagnosis and appropriate intervention can avert the development of prolonged severe hypoxemia and acidosis,
which lead to death

68. Treatment
When transposition is suspected, an infusion of prostaglandin E1 should be initiated immediately to maintain patency of the ductus arteriosus and improve oxygenation.
Endotracheal intubation
Infants who remain severely hypoxic or acidotic despite prostaglandin infusion should undergo Rashkind balloon atrial septostomy
A Rashkind atrial septostomy is also usually performed in all patients in whom any significant delay in surgery is necessary.

69. Preventing Birth Defects
Stop smoking
Avoid drinking alcohol while pregnant
Take a daily vitamin containing folic acid
Check with your doctor to make sure any medication (over-the-counter or prescription) is safe to take during pregnancy
Stop use of any illegal or "street" drugs

70. Thank you for attention!