1. Instructor: Engr. Zuneera Aziz Course: Microwave Engineering
Lecture 18 – 24: Smith Chart
Instructor: Engr. Zuneera Aziz
Course: Microwave Engineering

2. Introduction Invented by Phillip H. Smith It is a graphical ‘nomogram’
Used for solving Transmission line problems and matching circuits
Used to represent parameters such as: Impedance, Admittance, Reflection coefficients, S parameters, etc.

3. Introduction
Plotted on the complex reflection coefficient plane in two dimensions and is scaled in normalized impedance, normalized admittance or both. (Z Smith Charts, Y Smith Charts or YZ Smith Charts respectively)
Transmission lines having differing values of Zo all behave the same, as far as their normalized impedance properties are concerned.
The smith chart may also be used for lumped element matching and analysis problems

4. Introduction
The Smith chart is a graphical calculator that allows the relatively complicated mathematical calculations, which use complex algebra and numbers, to be replaced with geometrical constructs, and it allows us to see at a glance what the effects of altering the transmission line (feed) geometry will be. If used regularly, it gives the practitioner a really good feel for the behavior of transmission lines and the wide range of impedance that a transmitter may see for situations of moderately high mismatch (VSWR).

5. Normalized impedance at any point along the transmission line
The Smith chart lets us relate the complex dimensionless number gamma at any point P along the line, to the normalized load impedance zL = ZL/Zo which causes the reflection, and also to the distance we are from the load in terms of the wavelength of waves on the line.
We can then read off the normalized impedance zL at the point P along the line, where the actual impedance Zo is the local ratio of total voltage to total current taking into account the phase angles as well as the sizes. This impedance is what a generator would "see" if we cut the line at this point P and connected the remaining transmission line and its load to the generator terminals.

6. Normalized impedance at any point along the transmission line
Why should the impedance we see vary along the transmission line? Well, the impedance we measure is really the total voltage on the line (formed from the sum of forward and backward wave voltages) divided by the total current on the line (formed by the sum of forward and backward wave currents). 

7. So this is how a Smith Chart Looks Like!

8. This is what you can find from a Smith Chart
Reflection Coefficient
VSWR
Transmission Coefficient
Load Impedance
Admittance
Input Impedance
Lmin and Lmax
and even more …

9. Reflection Coefficient
The smith chart can be thought of as a circle (with radius equal to 1)
This circle is the circle for the Reflection Coefficient Γ
The reflection coefficient Γ will possess values between 0 and 1 (0 for no reflection and 1 for complete reflection)
So that means that the Γ should be plotted inside the unit circle

11. Reflection Coefficient
The center of this unit circle is the place where Γ is 0 (ideally this is what we want!)
At any point ON the unit circle, Γ = 1 and that means that all the power is reflected back from the load (Do we want that? NO!)

12. A few starter examples Γ = 0.5 Γ = -0.3 + j 0.4 Γ = -j
What will be the load impedance if Zo=50 ohms for the above values of Γ?

13. The Answers:
For Γ = 0.5
For ZL:
Which corresponds
to ZL = 150 Ohms

14. The Answers:
For Γ = j 0.4
ZL =   j Ohms

15. The Answers:
For Γ = -j
ZL =  -j 50 Ohms
A purely capacitive load!

16. Concept of Normalized Impedances
Normalized Load Impedance
To make the Smith Chart more general and independent of the characteristic impedance Z0 of the transmission line, we will normalize the load impedance ZL by Z0 for all future plots:

17. Constant Resistance Circles
Suppose we have a normalized load impedance given by:
zL= R + j Y
Y is NOT the admittance here, Y is any real number here.

18. Constant Resistance Circles
So for different values of Resistance you the following circles in the smith chart. For any one circle, the resistance will be constant but the reactance (the imaginary part) is going to change on the circumference of that particular constant resistance circle.

19. Constant Reactance Curves
Now lets hold constant the reactance (Y) and vary R. This will result in producing the following curves on the Smith Chart. So for a given curve, the reactance will be same but as we move ON the curve, we’ll have different values of Resistance.

20. Vary Reactance on Resistance Circle
In the following example, we have taken 2 values of Resistance (R=1.0, 0.3)
For R=1.0 we have taken X=0 (zL=1+j 0)
For R=0.3, is taken as 0, 3 and Corresponding to
zL=0.3
zL=0.3+ j 3
zL=0.3-j 0.4

21. Vary Resistance on a Reactance Curve
Now here we’re taking constant reactance of 1.0 and different resistances (R=0.3 and 2.o) implying to zL=0.3 + j 1.0 and zL=2.0 + j 1.0)

22. Zero Reactance
An important curve is given by Im[zL]=0. That is, the set of all impedances given by zL = R, where the imaginary part is zero and the real part (the resistance) is greater than or equal to zero. The result is shown in Figure.
It is understood that for Short Circuit zL=0 and for Open Circuit zL= ∞

23. Zero Reactance So the three special cases are: zL=0+j 0, Γ =1

24. Transmission Coefficients
The transmission coefficient is given by:
The inner most axis denotes the Transmission coefficient angle
The transmission could be easily plotted with the help of reflection coefficient (taking the same point) and then calculating the magnitude of the transmission coefficient with the help of the linear scale

26. Impedance
The first thing that should be done is the Normalization of the given impedance from Zo, in the following manner:
Check the point where the Resistance Circle and the Reactance Curve intersect
Negative Reactance implies to being Capacitive
Positive Reactance implies to being Inductive

27. Impedance - Example
So lets suppose I have a load impedance ZL = j 50 ohms, the Characteristic impedance Zo= 50 ohms
After I normalize it:
zL= 1 + j 1
Now let’s plot this on the Smith Chart

28. Impedance – Example zL=1+j 1

29. Impedance – Example 2
Do the same thing for ZL=50 - j 50

30. Impedance – Example 2 zL=1- j 1

31. Finding Reflection coefficient with the help of zL
Find the angle of reflection coefficient by drawing a line from the center of the smith chart to the circumference, crossing the zL point.
The axis will show you the angle
For magnitude, scale the point from center of the smith chart to zL and arc it down on the linear scale of reflection coefficient

32. Admittance Lets begin with the previous example:
zL=1+j1 (normalized impedance of the load)
yL = 1/zL
The method is called ‘translating through the center of the smith chart’

33. Plotting Admittance

34. Plotting Admittance
Now copy the distance of zL and plot it on the line from the center of the smith chart.
So the yL comes out to be : 0.5 – j 0.5 (in normalized form)
To find YL in mhos, multiply yL by Yo which is given by Yo = 1/Zo
So for this example: YL (in mhos) = 0.01 – j mhos

35. Special cases of Impedance
We know that ZOC = ∞
And ZSC = 0

36. Special Cases of Admittance
Just translate through the center!

37. Special Cases of Reflection Coefficient
ΓOC= 1 ∠ 0°(Plot it at zOC point)
ΓSC= 1 ∠ 180° (Plot it at zSC point)

38. Input Impedance - Zin
Go ‘towards the generator’ in order to find input impedance. You are provided with load impedance and the length of the transmission line (outer most axis)

39. Input Impedance - Zin

40. Another way to find ZL
Now we’d like to find the load impedance, provided we have the input impedance and line length
Suppose Zin = 100 – j 100 ohms
zin= 2 – j 2 ohms

41. Another way to find ZL
Now move towards the ‘load’ on the 2nd last axis

42. Another way to find ZL Not really a complexity!
What if you get the length greater than 0.5 λ such as may be 2.2 λ, 0.61 λ
The maximum scale is 0.5 λ so you just have to add up the wavelengths and move around the smith chart
Negate the multiples of 0.5 λ from the given transmission length (if greater than 0.5 λ )

43. VSWR Draw a circle round the zL point
The value of resistance circle (easily read at the 0 reactance line) represents the VSWR
You can follow up with the linear scale, where you can find the value in dB too

44. VSWR – Lmin, Lmax

45. Example
A lossless transmission line is terminated by a load ZL=10+j20 Ω. Find Γ, T, VSWR, lmin, lmax, YL and Zin if the line length is 4 cm and frequency of 3 GHz.

46. Example - Solution Step 1: Normalize the load impedance zL=0.2+j0.4
Step 2: Calculate length of transmission line in number of wavelengths
So the transmission line length in number of wavelengths is:

47. Example - Solution Step 3: plot zL
Step 4: Draw a circle through the zL point
Step 5: Find out reflection coefficient
Step 6: Find VSWR (with the circle method and the linear scale too, both give the same results)
Step 7: Find yL and then YL (translating through the center of the smith chart)
Step 8: find T with the help of reflection coefficient
Step 9: find zin by rotating towards the generator 0.4 wavelengths