1. CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER CERTIFICATION PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION PROGRAM Investment Planning
Session 8 Zero, Constant, and Non- Constant Dividend Discount Model (DDM), Valuation Scenario

2. Session Details Module 4 Chapter(s) 2 LOs 4-2 4-3 4-4
Explain terminology related to equity investment valuation models.
4-3
Calculate the intrinsic value of a stock using various stock valuation techniques or calculate the expected return of a stock.
4-4
Evaluate the appropriateness of investment decisions based on stock valuation models.
Let’s talk about the steps in the financial planning process…

3. Required Return (r)

4. Expected Return

5. Constant Growth DDM

6. Dividend Growth Rate (g)

7. Valuation Approaches Dividend Discount Model Price/Earnings Ratio
Price/Book Ratio
Price/Sales Ratio
PE/Growth (PEG) Ratio

8. Valuation
The determination of what a stock is worth; the stock's intrinsic value
If the valuation exceeds the price, buy the stock.
If the valuation is less than the price, do not buy or short the stock.

9. Zero Growth Model
Used when you have dividends into perpetuity, in which the dividend is fixed
Use for preferred stocks
Example: Lightning Enterprises Preferred pays a
$1.50 dividend and yields are currently 6%.
1.50/.06 = $25.00

10. Constant Growth: Example
Thor Industries pays an annual dividend of $2.00 per share, and its dividends are expected to grow at 6% annually.
If your required return is 10%, what is the intrinsic value of Thor?

11. Constant Growth: Example
Fair Market Value
Relative Value
Action
Less than $53
Undervalued
Buy
$53
Fairly valued
Greater than $53
Overvalued
Do not buy or sell short

12. Expected Return

13. Valuation Scenario
Stock VIP sells for $50 and pays an annual dividend of $3.00; its dividends are expected to increase by 3% annually.
The stock has a beta of .85. The required rate of return on the market is 10%, and the risk-free rate is 5.5%.
What is the investor’s required rate of return?
= (10 – 5.5) .85 =
= 9.33%

14. Valuation Scenario
What is the intrinsic value of Stock VIP?

15. Valuation Scenario What is the expected rate of return on Stock VIP?
= $
$50
= 9.18%

16. Valuation Scenario
Stock VIP is trading at $50 and its intrinsic value is $ Would you buy the stock? No, it is overvalued. When a stock is overvalued the expected return (9.18% for VIP) will be less than the required return (9.33% for the VIP investor).

17. Expected Return
Stock Overvalued: Expected return less than required return
Stock Undervalued: Expected return more than required return

18. Non-Constant Growth DDM
Uses more than one growth rate, with a higher growth rate initially, and then a lower rate as the company matures
Calculation requires the use of the cash flow key (CFj) on the financial calculator
Note: With HP12c, always use the CFo key first, then the CFj key.

19. Non-Constant Growth DDM Calculation
Travis is interested in buying a stock that currently pays a dividend of $0.60 cents per share annually. His required return on investments is 9%. The dividend is expected to grow 15% annually for the next two years, followed by an expected growth rate of 6% thereafter. What is the most that Travis should pay for the stock? Step 1: Find the amount of the dividend at the end of each of the two years of the non-constant growth: 0.60 x 1.15 = x 1.15 =

20. Non-Constant Growth DDM Calculation
Step 2: Find the value of the stock at the end of Year 2 based on the dividend to be paid at the end of Year 3 (constant growth):
(1.06) = $28.04
Step 3: Using the calculator, solve for the PV of unequal cash flows using the timeline.

21. Non-Constant Growth Timeline
9i; 0CFj (CFo on the 12C); CFj; = CFj
SHIFT, NPV, Answer = $24.

22. P/E Ratio & PEG Ratio
Price/Earnings ratio: PEG ratio:

23. PSR & P/B Ratio
Price to Sales ratio: Price to Book ratio:

24. Question 1
If the risk premium in the CAPM equation for a stock decreases, what is the likely consequence of the valuation of the stock when the dividend growth model is used to compute its value?
The stock’s value will increase.
The stock’s value will not change.
The stock’s value will decrease.
The risk premium is not relevant to the CAPM.
a. If the risk premium decreases, then the required return will also decrease, based on CAPM. If the required return is less, then the denominator of the DDM will increase, resulting in a higher valuation of the stock (see formulas).

25. Question 2
You are researching a company that retains all of its earnings, and has no immediate plans to pay a dividend. It has a positive cash flow, but negative earnings per share for the past two years.
Which one of the valuation approaches would you consider when analyzing the company?
constant growth dividend discount model
PSR
PEG ratio
P/E ratio
b. Price to sales ratio: There are no dividends, so the constant growth DDM is not possible. Also, there are no earnings with which to calculate a P/E or PEG ratio.

26. Question 3
Fiona, age 35, needs income and is considering the purchase of a preferred stock that pays $1.75 in annual dividends. The preferred stock is currently trading at $29 per share. Your research shows that other preferred shares with comparable ratings are currently yielding 7%.
You would advise Fiona to
purchase the shares; they appear to be fairly priced at $29 per share.
purchase the shares; they are undervalued since they have an intrinsic value of $32 per share.
not purchase the shares, they are overvalued since they have an intrinsic value of $25 per share.
not purchase the shares; she is too young to be purchasing preferred stock.
c. D/r is the valuation formula for preferred stock since it has a perpetual dividend. $1.75/.07 = $25 intrinsic value.

27. Question 4
Your client is considering a purchase of Titan Industries, and you are helping the client evaluate the stock. This past year the company earned $3.00 a share, and paid out 25% of its earnings as dividends. Titan expects both dividends and earnings to grow at 5% for the foreseeable future, and it expects the payout ratio to remain at 25%. Your required rate of return is the current 10-year Treasury note rate of 6%, plus a risk premium of 6%.
What is the intrinsic value of Titan Industries?
$11.25
$28.55
$45.00
$78.75
a. 25% of $3.00 = $0.75 dividend. Then solve using the DDM.

28. Question 5
You are evaluating Retro Holdings, Inc., for a possible purchase. Last year it paid $1.00 in dividends, and you expect the dividend to grow at a rate of 12% for the next three years, and then grow at 6% thereafter. Your required return is 9%.
What is the maximum amount you should pay for the stock?
$35.33
$41.50
$45.22
$47.86
b. First inflate the $1.00 by 12% over the next three years: 1.00 x 1.12 = 1.12; 1.12 x 1.12 = ; x 1.12 =
We now know the dividend three years out, and can now use the constant growth DDM going forward since the dividend growth is now going to be a constant 6%:
On a timeline: = ; enter 9 as “I” for required return.
Answer a. is calculated using $1.00 as the dividend and calculating using the constant growth DDM. Answer c leaves out the first cash flow (the zero).

29. Question 6
Echo Echo Inc. sells for $79 per share and pays an annual dividend of $2.48. The price and dividend is expected to increase by 5% annually.
Using the constant growth dividend discount model for valuation, and assuming an investor has a required rate of return of 8%, which of the following are true statements?
The expected rate of return is greater than the required rate of return.
The expected rate of return is less than the required rate of return.
The stock is undervalued.
The stock is overvalued.
I and II only
I and III only
I and IV only
II and III only
b. If you know a stock is over- or undervalued, you then know if the expected return is going to be less or more than your required return, and vice versa. 8.3% expected return is greater than the 8% required return. The stock is trading at $79 per share, which is less than its $86.80 intrinsic value; so it is undervalued.

30. Question 7
A stock has a current price of $66, earnings of $1.70, and pays out a dividend of $0.75. The stock’s historical P/E range is 18 to 26.
Which of the following are correct statements about the stock’s P/E ratio, valuation, and possible future action?
P/E = 39
P/E = 88
stock is overvalued, downward pressure expected
stock is undervalued, upward pressure expected
I and III only
I and IV only
II and III only
II and IV only
a is the correct answer. $66/$1.70 = 39 P/E. Stock is trading at a higher P/E multiple than its historical range, so this may mean the stock is overvalued.

31. CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER CERTIFICATION PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION PROGRAM Investment Planning
Session 8 End of Slides