1. Employee Retention, Engagement, and Careers10
Employee Retention, Engagement, and Careers
Chapter 10 offers some good advice and tools for managing careers. We will discuss building effective communications through fair treatment programs and employee discipline. In addition we will discuss proper handling of dismissals and separations, including retirement.
In recent years, many employees from the “baby boom” generation have taken early retirement. However, experts believe the next generation will have to work longer than they would wish in order to fund those who are retiring now. 
The Social Security Administration has increased the age at which future generations will be eligible for benefits.
Management will need to find ways to stimulate career interests of older employees to keep them motivated and productive.
Firms also will need to find ways to ease labor shortages by attracting those to return who already have retired.  Let’s discuss these and other issues.
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2. Learning Objectives
Describe a comprehensive approach to retaining employees.
Explain why employee engagement is important, and how to foster such engagement.
Discuss what employers and supervisors can do to support employees’ career development needs.
By the time we have finished this chapter you will be able to:
Describe a comprehensive approach to retaining employees.
Explain why employee engagement is important, and how to foster such engagement.
Discuss what employers and supervisors can do to support employees’ career development needs.
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3. The Basics of Career Management
The occupational positions a person has had over many years.
Career management
The process for enabling employees to better understand and develop their career skills and interests, and to use these skills and interests more effectively.
Career development
The lifelong series of activities that contribute to a person’s career exploration, establishment, success, and fulfillment.

4. The Basics of Career Management
Career planning
The deliberate process through which someone becomes aware of personal skills, interests, knowledge, motivations, and other characteristics; and establishes action plans to attain specific goals.
Careers today
Careers are no simple progressions of employment in one or two firms with a single profession.
Employees now want to exchange performance for training, learning, and development that keep them marketable.

5. Traditional Versus Career Development Focus
Source: Adapted from Fred L. Otte and Peggy G. Hutcheson, Helping Employees Manage Careers (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992), p. 10.
Table 10–1

6. Career Management and Employee Commitment
The “New Psychological Contract”
Old contract: “Do your best and be loyal to us, and we’ll take care of your career.”
New contract: “Do your best for us and be loyal to us for as long as you’re here, and we’ll provide you with the developmental opportunities you’ll need to move on and have a successful career.”

7. The Employer’s Role in Career Development
Realistic job previews
Challenging first jobs
Career-oriented appraisals
Job rotation
Mentoring
Networking and interactions

8. Identify Your Career Stage
Growth stage
Exploration stage
Establishment stage
Trial substage
Stabilization substage
Midcareer crisis substage
Maintenance Stage
Decline Stage

9. Identify Your Occupational Orientation
Realistic orientation
Investigative orientation
Social orientation
Conventional orientation
Enterprising orientation
Artistic orientation

10. Example of Some Occupations that May Typify Each Occupational Theme
Figure 10–A2

11. Managing Employee Turnover and Retention
Costs of turnover
Managing voluntary turnover
Reducing voluntary turnover
Turnover is an expensive cost for organizations. Understanding more about the costs and causes of turnover is important.
There are tangible and intangible costs associated with turnover. Reducing turnover requires identifying and managing the reasons for both voluntary and involuntary turnover.
Voluntary turnover occurs for many reasons. Top reasons include job dissatisfaction, poor pay or health-care benefits, few promotional opportunities, and inadequate work-life balance.
Any retention strategy begins with identifying the specific causes of turnover within a particular company.
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12. A Comprehensive Approach to Retaining Employees
1.Using effective selection techniques 2. Offering professional growth opportunities 3. Providing career direction 4. Offering meaningful work and encouraging ownership of goals
Remember, “retention starts up front, in the selection and hiring of the right employees.” The process begins with a thorough understanding of the jobs to be filled. It includes a solid job analysis and an effective and efficient hiring process.
Professional growth is a well-thought-out training and career development program that can provide a strong incentive for staying with the company.
Providing career direction means discussing employee’s career preferences and prospects at your firm, and helping them lay out potential career plans. Furthermore, “don’t wait until performance reviews to remind top employees how valuable they are to your company.”
An important part of retaining employees is making it clear what your expectations are regarding their performance and responsibilities. This helps employees “own” their behaviors and results. A job is meaningful if the incumbent understands its relationship to the company goals and sees his or results as part of the bigger picture.
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13. A Comprehensive Approach to Retaining Employees
Recognition and rewards
Culture and environment
Promote work–life balance
Acknowledge achievements
Other key retention elements are recognizing and rewarding performance, learning the culture and environment, promoting work-life balance, and acknowledging achievements.  
We’ve seen that in addition to pay and benefits, employees need and appreciate recognition for a job well done.
With respect to culture and environment, companies that are very tense and “political” may prompt employees to leave. Companies that help employees feel comfortable increase the likelihood that top performers will stay.
Balancing work and life remains an important part of retaining valued employees. In one survey, workers identified “flexible work arrangements” and “telecommuting” as the two top benefits that would encourage them to choose one job over another.
Finally, when employees feel underappreciated, they’re more likely to leave. Surveys suggest that frequent recognition of accomplishments is an effective nonmonetary reward. Such recognition is likely to be helpful even though some recipients may state they don’t need a sincere “thank you.”
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14. A Comprehensive Approach to Retaining Employees
Managing involuntary turnover
Talent management and employee retention
Involuntary turnover is inevitable. When jobs are restructured or when competitive or economic pressures necessitate reductions in the workforce an employer will let some employees go. However, dismissals due to poor performance sometimes are avoidable.
Poor performance and involuntary turnover can be managed by reviewing and improving:
Recruitment
Selection
Training
Appraisal
Compensation/incentive plans
Firms that take a talent management approach to retaining employees focus their efforts on the company’s mission-critical employees.
Job withdrawal is any action which places physical or psychological distance between the employee and the organization. It’s a means of escape for someone who is dissatisfied or fearful. Managing the almost limitless reasons an employee can become dissatisfied requires a complete and effective human resource system.
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15. Why Employee Engagement is Important and Fostering such Engagement
Engagement refers to being psychologically involved in, connected to, and committed to getting one’s job done.
Poor attendance, voluntary turnover, and psychological withdrawal often reflect diminished employee engagement.
Let’s discuss.
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16. Employee Engagement Importance Fostering Monitoring
Employee engagement is an important topic. Many employee behaviors, including turnover, reflect the degree to which employees are “engaged.” One survey concluded that companies with highly engaged employees have 26% higher revenue per employee.
Actions that help ensure engagement include making sure employees understand how their departments contribute to the company’s success. In addition, employees should see how their own efforts contribute to achieving the company’s goals. Finally, employees should get a sense of accomplishment from working at the firm.
Monitoring employee engagement needn’t be complicated. A simple survey may do the job. One survey indicated 83% of employees reported they are determined to accomplish their work goals. Further, they were confident they could meet their goals.
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17. Employee Engagement Career terminology Careers today
Psychological contract
The employee’s role
We may define a career as the “occupational positions a person has had over many years.”
Recessions, mergers, outsourcing, consolidations, and seemingly continuous downsizing have changed the ground rules. More often employees find themselves having to reinvent themselves to remain productive in the workforce.
What the employer and employee expect of each other is part of what psychologists call a psychological contract. The psychological contract identifies each party's mutual expectations.
As in other parts of life, an individual must accept responsibility for his/her own career. He or she should assess his/her own interests, skill, and values. Finally, the employee must take the steps required to ensure a happy and fulfilling career. One of these steps is finding a mentor who can be a sounding board. Mentoring programs can be informal or formal.
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18. The Employer’s Role in Career Management
Career Management Systems
Career centers and workshops
Lifelong learning
Career coaches
Online programs
Career-oriented appraisals
The manager can do several things to support his or her subordinates’ career development needs including scheduling a regular performance appraisal. Managers must also make expectations clear. Finally, managers must focus on the extent to which the employee’s current skills and performance match career aspirations.
Employers can support career development efforts in many ways. The means for helping to further an employee’s career depend on the length of time the employee has been with the firm.
Career development systems needn’t be complicated. Receiving performance feedback and individual development plans can make an enormous difference in employee performance. In addition, having access to nontechnical skills training will contribute to satisfaction and engagement. However, a large portion of companies do not provide such services.
Women report greater barriers (such as being excluded from informal networks) than do men. They also have more difficulty getting developmental assignments and geographic mobility opportunities. Many call this combination of subtle and not-so-subtle barriers to women’s progress the glass ceiling. Organizations need to be aware of it and try to eliminate it.
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19. Improving Coaching Skills
Coaching and the closely related mentoring are key managerial skills.
Coaching means educating, instructing, and training subordinates. Mentoring means advising, counseling, and guiding.
Coaching focuses on teaching shorter-term job-related skills. Mentoring focuses on helping employees navigate longer-term career hazards.
Coaching and mentoring require both analytical and interpersonal skills. They require analysis because you must know what the problem is. They require interpersonal skills because it’s futile to know the problem if you can’t get the person to listen or change.
Coaching and the closely related mentoring are key managerial skills. Coaching means educating, instructing, and training subordinates. Mentoring means advising, counseling, and guiding. Coaching focuses on teaching shorter-term job-related skills. Mentoring focuses on helping employees navigate longer-term career hazards.
Coaching and mentoring require both analytical and interpersonal skills. They require analysis because you must know what the problem is. They require interpersonal skills because it’s futile to know the problem if you can’t get the person to listen or change.
We can best think of coaching in terms of a four-step process: preparation, planning, active coaching, and follow-up.
Preparation means understanding the problem, the employee, and the employee’s skills.
Planning the solution is next. In practice, you’ll lay out a change plan in the form of steps to take, measures of success, and completion dates.
With agreement on a plan, you can start the actual coaching. In this situation, you are, in essence, the teacher. Your toolkit will include what you learned about on-the-job training in Chapter 8.
Finally, bad habits sometimes reemerge. It’s therefore necessary to follow-up and re-observe the person’s progress periodically.

20. Improving Coaching Skills
We can best think of coaching in terms of a four-step process: preparation, planning, active coaching, and follow-up.
Preparation means understanding the problem, the employee, and the employee’s skills.
Planning the solution is next. In practice, you’ll lay out a change plan in the form of steps to take, measures of success, and completion dates.
With agreement on a plan, you can start the actual coaching. In this situation, you are, in essence, the teacher.
Finally, bad habits sometimes reemerge. It’s therefore necessary to follow-up and re-observe the person’s progress periodically.
Coaching and the closely related mentoring are key managerial skills. Coaching means educating, instructing, and training subordinates. Mentoring means advising, counseling, and guiding. Coaching focuses on teaching shorter-term job-related skills. Mentoring focuses on helping employees navigate longer-term career hazards.
Coaching and mentoring require both analytical and interpersonal skills. They require analysis because you must know what the problem is. They require interpersonal skills because it’s futile to know the problem if you can’t get the person to listen or change.
We can best think of coaching in terms of a four-step process: preparation, planning, active coaching, and follow-up.
Preparation means understanding the problem, the employee, and the employee’s skills.
Planning the solution is next. In practice, you’ll lay out a change plan in the form of steps to take, measures of success, and completion dates.
With agreement on a plan, you can start the actual coaching. In this situation, you are, in essence, the teacher. Your toolkit will include what you learned about on-the-job training in Chapter 8.

21. Improving Mentoring Skills
It often touches on the person’s psychology (motives, needs, aptitudes, and how one gets along with others, for instance). Because the supervisor is usually not a psychologist or trained career advisor, he or she must be extra cautious in the mentoring advice he or she gives.
Effective mentors set high standards and are willing to invest the time and effort the mentoring relationship requires. Effective mentoring requires trust. The level of trust reflects the mentor’s professional competence, consistency, ability to communicate, and readiness to share control.
You must choose an appropriate potential mentor. But, don’t be surprised if you’re turned down. Make it easier for a potential mentor to agree to your request. Do so by making it clear ahead of time what you expect in terms of time and advice.
This also is good to practice with your professors. Finally, respect the mentor’s time. Be on time (or early) for meetings and don’t run over the time to which you both agreed. If necessary, reschedule the meeting.
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22. Making Promotion Decisions
Is seniority or competence the rule?
How should we measure competence?
Is the process formal or informal?
Vertical, horizontal, or other?
Four important rules impact the effectiveness of promotion decisions.
Decision 1: Is Seniority or Competence the Rule? Today’s focus on competitiveness favors competence. However, union agreements and civil service regulations often emphasize seniority.
Decision 2: How Should We Measure Competence? Start by defining the job, setting standards, and using one or more appraisal tools to record the employee’s performance. Then, use a valid procedure for predicting a candidate’s potential for future performance.
Decision 3: Is the Process Formal or Informal? Each firm will determine whether the promotional process will be formal or informal.
Decision 4: Vertical, Horizontal, or Other? Promotions can be vertical (within the same functional area) or horizontal (in different functional areas).
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23. Making Promotion Decisions
There are several practice steps that should be taken by employers and managers:
Establish eligibility requirements.
Review the job description.
Review candidates’ performance and history.
Hire only those who meet the requirements.
Women and people of color still experience relatively less career progress in organizations, often called the glass ceiling. Bias and more subtle barriers (e.g., organizational culture and history) are often the cause.
Employer promotions must comply with all anti-discrimination and Equal Employment Opportunity laws.
Transfers are moves from one job to another, usually with no change in salary or grade. Frequent relocation of transferred employees has been assumed to have a damaging effect on transferees’ family life. Transfers are also financially costly.
Some employers are instituting formal pre-retirement counseling aimed at easing the passage of their employees into retirement. As you might suspect, a large majority of employees have said they expect to continue to work beyond the normal retirement age. For some, part-time employment is an alternative to outright retirement. Finally, employers can benefit from retirement planning by becoming able to anticipate or plan for future labor shortages.
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