1. Today we will … Bellringer Objectives
If Democracy were represented by a star, what would the five points stand for?
Using your notes pick the 5 key ideas of democracy.
Draw a picture of the star on the top of your homework.
Distinguish between Power, Authority and Legitimacy
Discuss the usefulness of typologies and understand the common ways of categorizing and differentiating countries.
Understand minimal conditions for democracy as set out in the text.

2. 3. Nation/ State/ Regimes & Data Introduction

3. Power, Authority, Legitimacy, Sovereignty
Constitutional?
Legitimacy
Rational/ Legal
Common law
Code Law
Charismatic
Traditional
Sovereignty: No one else can tell me what to do
Supranational Organizations UN EU
NATO
WTO
OPEC
IMF
NAFTA
African Union
ECOWAS

4. Nation vs. state
Nation – a group of people who share common cultural traits (ethnicity, language, religion)
Nationalism - a sense of self identification enabling them to be distinguished from other groups of people
State – a political unit (think “Country”)
International recognition of, permanent population, governing institutions.
These political units are separated by legal borders.
Every “state” has the right to make laws for the territory within the boundaries, Sovereign State

5. Nation vs. state Nations States Arabs Latino Jews Palestinians
Scottish
Quebecois
Kurds
Koreans
Protestants
States
Iran
Mexico
Israel UK
Canada
Iraq
South Korea
USA

6. Nation-state?
A political unit that has legal boundaries that is also made of one united nation
Can you think of any that exist?
How do you create a nation-state?
ONE language, ONE religion, ONE leader, national pride, symbols, etc.
Fragmentation:
Polarization of religion apparent in world politics by the early 21st century

7. Q1: What is the difference between Comparative Government and International Relations?
States & Regimes
States are sovereign and have institutions
Formal Institutions: Stable, long lasting, turn political ideas into policy
Legislative: makes the laws (see Presidential vs Parliamentary systems)
Executive: Carry out the laws of the state
Head of State vs Head of Government
Bureaucracy: agencies that generally implement government policy, discretionary power.
Military
Judicial: Defend democratic principles of a country, rules constitutionally of laws and decide guilt and innocence of lawbreakers.
Linkage Institutions: connect government to citizens
Political Parties
Elections
Media
Interest Groups
Regimes: The Rules that a state sets and follows in exerting its power are referred to collectively as regimes. They endure beyond individual government and leaders.

8. (Q2) GLOBALIZATION? FRAGMENTATION?
Centripetal GLOBALIZATION
Centrifugal FRAGMENTATION
Forces that tie people of the world together
The integration of social, environmental, economic, and cultural activities of nations
Supranational organizations
Forces that tear people of the world apart
Separatist movements- loyalties based on ethnicity, language, religion, or cultural identity
Devolution- Scottish independence?

9. (Q5) Comparative Method used to be…
(Q5) Comparative Method used to be….Three World Approach: Cold War – 1st, 2nd, 3rd Worlds
“Advanced” democracy – high level of economic development, open elections (Britain, US)
Communist/Post-Communist – system that limits freedoms to divide wealth equally (Russia, China)
Less developed countries (LDC), newly industrializing countries (NIC) – rapid growth, political instability (Mexico, Iran, Nigeria)

10. Typology We’LL Use We will use…
Consolidated (liberal) Democracy: Established and stable democracy. Relatively consistent adherence to the core democratic principles.
Transitional (illiberal) Democracy: Countries that have moved from an authoritarian government to a democratic one.
Authoritarian: power depends on coercive force.

11. (Q4) Comparison Theories
Causal Theory
Middle Level Theory
If X happens, then Y will result.
Factors :X Independent variable
Outcome: Y Dependent variable
Beware “Causation” vs “Correlation”
Failure of “rational choice theory”, universal claims and case studies
The focus is on institutions, policies or events to find themes

12. Check for understanding
There has been some debate as to whether economic growth causes democracy or merely correlates with democracy. What do you think?
Use the terms “correlation” and “causation” in your discussion of the prompt.

13. Regime vs. Rulers (Government)
Regime, “System of Government”
Patterns of method of access to leaders
Characteristics of actors admitted to or excluded from access to public office
Rules in binding policymaking
Institutionalization through formalized constitution or tradition
Rulers (Government)
People who occupy specialized authority roles and can give legitimate commands to others
Attain Power and are accountable
? How do rulers come to power and what are the practices that hold them accountable?
Change in Regime is a change in the system of government, Change in Government means a change in the leader.

14. Regime Types: (Power, Legit, Authority)
REGIME: The rules that a state sets and follows in exerting its power. Institutions and practices.
Democratic
Consolidated/liberal/substantive
Transitional/illiberal/procedural
Authoritarian
Military Regimes
Communist Regimes
Totalitarian Regimes

15. Regime Types: (power, legit, authority)
Authoritarian Regimes: A system of rule in which power depends not on popular legitimacy but on the coercive force of the political authorities.
Hence, there are few personal and group freedoms.
Also characterized by near absolute power in the executive branch and few, if any, legislative and judicial controls.
Totalitarian Regimes A political system in which the state attempts to exercise total control over all aspects of public and private life, including the economy, culture, education, and social organizations, through an integrated system of ideological, economic, and political control.
Totalitarian states are said to rely largely on terror as a means to exercise power.
Term has been applied to both communist party-states including Stalinist Russia and Maoist China and fascist regimes such as Nazi Germany.
Difference between REGIME CHANGE & CHANGE IN GOVERNMENT

16. What democracy Is…
In groups create a poster that explains each of the key points of the article:
1. Public Realm & Citizens
2. Competition& Elections
3. Majority Rule
4. Cooperation & Civil Society
5. Representatives
6. Principles
7. Differences in democracies 1-6
8. Differences in democracies 7-11
9. What Democracy is Not

17. Democratic Principles
Public Realm and Citizens
Making collective norms and choices- binding on society backed by state coercion
Liberal : private sector
Social-Democratic: public sector
Restrictions of citizenship now open to all native born adults
Competition, Elections & Representatives
“Classic”: citizens decisions direct democracies/ consensus
Elections manage factions
“Electoralism” X elections do not define democracy alone!
Representatives: how are they chosen and held accountable for their actions.
Larger bureaucracies change # of people who make decisions based on functional but not territorial constituencies.
Majority Rule
Governing body that makes decisions by combining votes of more than half of those eligible and present.
Majority rule to protect minority rights
Bill of Rights, federalism, neocorporatism
Civil Society, Competition & Cooperation
Civil Society cooperation and deliberation via autonomous groups, citizens deliberate among themselves
Competition among factions, Range and modes of competition
Actors make collective decisions, cooperate to compete
Need to standardize widely accepted qualifiers to define Democracy as international organizations begin to monitor levels of democracy in states.
Elections alone do not determine a regime as democratic
Modern political democracy is a system of governance in which rulers are held accountable for their actions in the public realm by citizens, acting indirectly through the competition and cooperation of their elected representatives,

18. Democratic Principles
Elected winners will not act in a way to bar competitors for next election
Democracy institutionalizes “normal” limited political uncertainty
Constitutional guarantees of property, privacy and expression
Most effective
Competition among interest groups
Cooperation within civil societies
Civic culture product of democracy not procedure

19. Democratic Procedures
Control is vested in elected officials
Frequent and fair elections
Suffrage rights include almost all adults
Right to expression without fear of punishment
Available alternative sources of information
Right to form relatively independent associations or organizations (parties & interest groups)
+ officials can use powers without pressure from civil society
+ self-governing, act independently of other states.

20. Liberal/ Consolidated Democracies
Civil Liberties
Rule of Law
Neutrality of the Judiciary/ independence
Open Civil Society
Voluntary organizations outside of the state that help people define and advance their own interests. Advocacy groups, social networks, media
Civilian Control of the Military
Democratic Consolidation: The movement towards a creation of a stable political system that is supported by all parts of the society.
In a consolidated democracy all institutions and many people participate, so that democracy penetrates political parties, the judiciary and the bureaucracy.

21. What distinguishes an Illiberal Democracy?
Elections without civil liberties and civil rights
No independent judiciary
Weak rule of law, accountability
Small/ weak civil society
Interest groups
Media
Large-scale disenfranchisement, probably on ethnic/ racial grounds
BUT
There are regular competitive elections
Candidates may be recruited by parties, restricted by election committees
Political systems similar: constitution, executive, legislative and judicial branches
Branches may be fused

22. REGIME ATTRIBUTE GUIDE
Read each statement and decide which regime(s) has the characteristic.
Liberal Democracy
Illiberal Democracy
Authoritarian
Describe a change that an illiberal democracy could make to become a liberal democracy.
What does this chart say about democratization?

23. Assign Country data

24. Closure
3 - Name three characteristics that are necessary for a democracy.
2 - pieces of data that determine development
1 - question
Homework:
Kesselman Questions B & Collect Data