2. Navigation using pulsars ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCE George Hobbs Nov 2014

3. Message on Pioneer 10, 11 and Voyager space probes Presentation title | Presenter name | Page 2 Picture credits: wikipedia

4. Presentation title | Presenter name | Page 3 Sound files from the Parkes and Jodrell Bank Observatories

5. Presentation title | Presenter name | Page 4

6. Presentation title | Presenter name | Page 5

7. The Crab Supernova Presentation title | Presenter name | Page 6

8. CSIRO. Gravitational wave detection An ancient Chinese Astronomer in AD1054

9. CSIRO. Gravitational wave detection So what happened? http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/html/heic0609b.html

10. Presentation title | Presenter name | Page 9  Michael Kramer, MPiFR

11. Presentation title | Presenter name | Page 10

12. Pulsar Properties Diameter ~ 10-20 km Mass ~ 1.4 solar masses Density ~ 10 17 kg.m -3 Thimbleful has a mass of 10 9 tonnes Rotates once to several hundred times per second Acceleration due to gravity at surface of pulsar is ~ 10 12 m.s -2 (cf 10 m.s -2 at Earth’s surface). Magnetic field of ~ 10 8 T (Sun ~ 10 -4 T) Approx 2,000 known pulsars. CSIRO: PULSE@Parkes | Robert Hollow | Animation: M. Kramer

13. Why we study pulsars CSIRO. Gravitational wave detection

14. Change of topic --- the Global positioning system (GPS) 1.Everyone uses GPS (aircraft, cars, military, mapping, …) 2.Problems: a. GPS can be jammed, b. can be switched off 3.“GPS is now such a significant part of our lives that the effects of failure would be catastrophic … affect all emergency services, all systems of traffic control …we would not be able to stock our shops and feed ourselves..” – “On the Map” Simon Garfield. 4.Cannot be used for deep-space navigation Presentation title | Presenter name | Page 13

15. Pulsar navigation 1.Plaque on Pioneer spacecraft: relative position of the Sun to the center of the galaxy and 14 pulsars! 2.Demonstrates basic idea: the pulsars are a galactic-scale GPS! Presentation title | Presenter name | Page 14 wikipedia

16. The basic idea Presentation title | Presenter name | Page 15 http://www.mpe.mpg.de/~wbecker/psrnav/index.htmlhttp://www.mpe.mpg.de/~wbecker/psrnav/index.html: Individual images: Rosetta (courtesy of ESA), starship Enterprise from the TV series Star Trek. Compilation by MPE.

17. Example: where is the Parkes telescope? Unpublished work by G. Hobbs and X. You 1.Assume that we’re on the Earth’s surface 2.Use Parkes timing observations and fit for position of Parkes Presentation title | Presenter name | Page 16

18. Proof of concept – where is Parkes? Unpublished work by G. Hobbs and X. You 1.Assume that we’re on the Earth’s surface 2.Use pulsars observations and fit for position of Parkes Presentation title | Presenter name | Page 17

19. Proof of concept – where is Parkes? Unpublished work by G. Hobbs and X. You 1.Assume that we’re on the Earth’s surface 2.Use Parkes timing observations and fit for position of Parkes Presentation title | Presenter name | Page 18 Use millisecond pulsar (PSR J0437-4715) Correct position to within a few kilometers

20. Can navigate spacecraft: Earth to Mars trajectory (recent paper by Deng et al. 2013) 1.Can’t fit the Parkes telescope on top of your car! => try smaller telescope => X-ray telescopes! 2.Can we use millisecond pulsar observations to determine the position and velocity of a spacecraft travelling from Earth to Mars? 3.Use software to simulate trajectory – accounts for gravitational field, Solar pressure etc. 4.Assume large ground-based radio telescope to get pulsar timing model before launch 5.Assume XTE-type X-ray telescope on- board the spacecraft Presentation title | Presenter name | Page 19 http://www.master-flight- training.org/images/AGI_STK.jp g

21. Two algorithms studied 1.Algorithm 1: assumes no prior knowledge of the space-craft trajectory 2.Algorithm 2: makes use of a dynamics model for the space-craft motion 3.Result: position estimation better than 10km 4.Result: velocity estimation better than 1m/s Presentation title | Presenter name | Page 20

22. Will pulsar navigation really work? 1.Technique will work for interplanetary spacecraft 2.USA, China, Europe and Australia working of techniques and implementation 3.Personally not sure about terrestrial or Earth-orbit navigation using pulsars (need a very sensitive detector) – we’re thinking about it! 4.One day we may leave our solar system and navigate to other stars using pulsars! Presentation title | Presenter name | Page 21

23. Will pulsar navigation really work? 1.Technique will work for interplanetary spacecraft 2.USA, China, Europe and Australia working of techniques and implementation 3.Personally not sure about terrestrial or Earth-orbit navigation using pulsars (need a very sensitive detector) – we’re working on it! 4.One day we may leave our solar system and navigate to other stars using pulsars! 5.… but I do hope that the GPS is working on my flight back home! Presentation title | Presenter name | Page 22

24. Thank you CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science George Hobbs Research Scientist t+61 2 9372 4652 Egeorge.hobbs@csiro.au w www.atnf.csiro.au/people/g hobbs CSIRO ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCE