1. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Module 1 Introduction: To Information & Security  Modified by :Ahmad Al Ghoul  Philadelphia University  Faculty Of Administrative & Financial Sciences  Business Networking & System Management Department  Room Number 32406  Email Address: ahmad4_2_69@hotmail. com

2. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Objectives  Information cycle, What is the role of computers in the information cycle?  What is System Security?  What are we protecting?  Ensure security in a network & Enhancing security by  Security awareness  Causes of system security lapses  Security procedures & Security phases  Security Goals  Types of Threat, Risk, Attack  Security Policy Definition and planning

3. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Information cycle  Security is required at all phases of the information cycle – 1-gathering, 2-creating, 3-processing, 4-storing,5- transmitting and 6-deleting. Security is only as good as the weakest link in the system

4. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011

5. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 What is the role of computers in the information cycle?  Accept data through input devices  Process data using microprocessors  Store data for interactive use in the RAM and for longer periods of storage in the hard disks  Output data through output devices.

6. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 What is System Security?  Protection of assets from unauthorized access –protection from unauthorized access both from within and external  Security is a process of reducing risk or the likelihood of harm –Security is a weak link problem- total security is no better than the weakest link. –It must, therefore, be evaluated across the entire enterprise –Security is a series of trade-offs: the greater the level of security the worse the ease of use.

7. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 What are we protecting?  We are protecting system resources: –Business information –Equipment –Systems –Data (information)  Data and Information - the most important resource: –Data is a physical phenomena that represents certain aspects of our knowing of the world –When we process data we give it meaning and we call it information. –Data and information are: Stored Moved over communication channels  We focus on security of data and information: –At source ( source: server/client) –At destination (destination: server/client) –In the communication channel  The security of computer networks means the security of information on that network.

8. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Ensure security in a network by:  Access – legal channels of getting resources  Identification – to uniquely distinguish a user of a resource  Authentication – to prove positively that the user is what he/she claims to be.  Authorization – being able to determine and allow the user only those resources the user has ability to utilize.

9. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Enhance security by:  Accountability – ability to associate activities with the actors.  Awareness – create a level of understanding of security issues  Administration – ability to manage the security system.

10. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Security awareness  Security is a continuous process of making valuable resources secure.  First act in securing system resources is awareness –Process of making people understand the implications of security in their lives –All people in the enterprise must understand the importance of security –All people must understand the following: Appropriate use of resources – all people must know why security of resources matter. Relevancy of security Individual’s role Responsibility

11. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Causes of system security weakness - Hardware – many security problems originate from hardware failures and poor designs –Software – lots of security problems originate from poor software designs and testing –Human/user – humans are very unpredictable and malicious –* Resources ( data and information)– because the resources within the computer system themselves may contain loopholes through which, if found, intruders enter the systems.

12. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Security procedures: –Good and effective security is a result of a good security policy –A policy may have one or more of the following procedures: For servers and Clients: –Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) –Firewalls For the communication channel: –Encryption –Authentication

13. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011  Security phases: –Inspection – identifying key security functions needed and the capabilities available to achieve the desired security level –Protection – proactive risk reduction – mechanism in place to prevent reduction in desired security level –Detection ( in action)– to take measures to detect whether an asset has been damaged, how, and who has caused the damage. –Response ( post-action)– to take measures that allow recovery of assets or recovery from damage, and minimize losses. –Reflection – plans/processes that focus on security improvements.

14. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011  There are 10 fundamental aspects of security ( system security): –Awareness – make every one understand the critical role security plays in their well-being –Access – ability to connect to the system resources –Identification – to be able to know the user – Authentication – preventing unauthorized interception of information during transmission –Authorization – allowing identifiable users access to the resources –Availability – preventing unauthorized withholding of information and resources –Integrity – preventing unauthorized modification of information –Accuracy – an assurance of the integrity of the resources –Confidentiality – the assets of a computing system are accessible only by authorized parties. –access to information, the source can be easily found it.

15. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Security Goals  Confidentiality –the assets of a computing system are accessible only by authorized parties.  Integrity –assets can be modified only by authorized parties or only in authorized ways.  Availability –assets are accessible to authorized parties.

16. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Fourth Objective  Securing computing resources: prevent/detect/ improper use of computing resources Hardware Software Data Network

17. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Confidentiality  Only authorized people can see protected data.  Problems  1-who determine who is authorized?  2- what he/ she can see ?

18. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Integrity  There are three aspects to integrity  1-Authorized action.  2-Separation and protection of resources.  3-Error detection and correction

19. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Availability  Availability applies both to data and to service ( access to computing resources  Availability means:  1- Presence of object or service in usable form.  2- Capacity to meet service needs.  3- Progress: bounded waiting time.

20. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Goals of Availability  1- Timely response.  2- Fault tolerance. The ability of a computer or an operating system to respond to a catastrophic event or fault  3-Utility or Usability ( can be used as intended)  4- Controlled concurrency: support for simultaneous access, deadlock management, and exclusive access.

21. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Security Goals Integrity Confidentiality Avalaibility

22. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Achieving Security  Policy –What to protect?  Mechanism –How to protect?  Assurance –How good is the protection?

23. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Threat, Risk, Attack Threat: potential occurrence that can have an undesired effect on the system Risk: measure of the possibility of security breaches and severity of the damage Attack: action of malicious intruder that exploits vulnerabilities of the system to cause a threat to occur

24. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Types of Threats  Threats –Interruption: an asset of the system becomes lost, unavailable, or unusable –Interception: some unauthorized party has gained access to an asset –Modification: an unauthorized party not only accesses but tampers with an asset –Fabrication: unauthorized party fabricate counterfeit objects on a computing system

25. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Threats to Hardware –Interruption denial of service destruction, etc. –Interception Theft: unauthorized product owned by other vendors

26. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Threats to Software –Interruption deletion configuration management is required –Interception software theft:this attack include unauthorized copying of software –Modification Trojan horse:a program that does one thing while covertly doing anther virus: a specific type of trojan horse, that can be used to spread infection from one computer to anther. trapdoor: a program that has a secret entry point. information leaks: in a program, which make information accessible to unintended people or programs check the vendor –use anti-virus software

27. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Threats to Data –Interruption(loss) availability include key loss(encryption) –Interception confidentiality –Modification integrity –Fabrication include replay attack –internet banking

28. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Assets vs. Threats

29. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Security of Data

30. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Types of Attacks (1) Interruption – an asset is destroyed, unavailable or unusable (availability) Interception – unauthorized party gains access to an asset (confidentiality) Modification – unauthorized party tampers with asset (integrity) Fabrication – unauthorized party inserts counterfeit object into the system (authenticity)

31. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Types of Attacks (2) Passive attacks: Eavesdropping Monitoring Active attacks: Masquerade – one entity pretends to be a different entity Replay – passive capture of information and its retransmission Modification of messages – legitimate message is altered Denial of service – prevents normal use of resources

32. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Intrusion Points  Intrusion points are areas that provide an access point to your company's information. Some of these are obvious, but others are not. For instance, you might realize that you need to install a firewall to protect the internal network and computers from hackers, but if a hacker took a temporary job at your company, the firewall would be of little use. When identifying intrusion points, you must consider internal threats as well as external threats. Some internal and external access points are as follows:  Internal access points  Systems that are not in a secured room  Systems that do not have any local security configured  External access points  Network components that connect your company to the Internet  Applications that are used to communicate across the Internet  Communications protocols

33. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Security Policy Organizational Policy Computerized Information System Policy

34. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Planning a security policy  The first, and most important, principle in security of any kind is to have a well- defined security policy. To develop a policy, you need to answer these two questions: 1. What constitutes a well-defined security policy? 2. How can I make a security policy without understanding the threats against me?

35. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 Security policy Basics  Consistent with other corporate policies  Accepted by the network support staff as well as the appropriate levels of management  Suitable for using with the existing network equipment and procedures  Compliant with local, state, and federal laws

36. Network Security PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Ahmad Alghoul 2010-2011 What is a good Security policy?  A well-defined security policy outlines your requirements and limits your exposure to risk. There are three criteria for creating and evaluating a policy for information security. 1. Confidentiality: Your information must be kept private. Unauthorized access must be prevented. 2. Integrity: Your information must be protected from tampering. It cannot be modified from its original form without your authorization. 3. Availability: Your information must be available to authorized users when they need it.