1. Cold War
In Central America:

2. A. Crisis in Central America
Central American Common Market of 1960
Economic recession of 1975
The Exceptional case of Costa Rica
Military Intervention and occasional elections
Playing field in the Cold War

3. Reading Quiz 11 20 pts per question
1. What major change in regime indigenous policy is featured in Chapter 4?
2. What major change occurred during the 1960s in the Catholic Church?
3. How did these changes play out in Paraguay?
4. Who accused the regime of genocide?
5. What role did anthropologists play in this chapter?

4. B. Cold War and Latin America, 1945-1980
First State: Military aid to shape int. policies of L. Am. nations: mill
Second Stage Cold War: : fought in developing world
Third Stage: : attempts to prevent social revolutions
Fourth Stage: : force as policy tool, covert activities

5. C. Specific Countries

6. 1. El Salvador 1969 Soccer War with Honduras
Military rule during 1970s
Social disparity and $ crisis
Church-State Confrontation
Archbishop Oscar Romero

7. Romero Citation
“As pastor and as a Salvadoran citizen, I am deeply grieved that the organized sector of our people continues to be massacred merely for taking to the street in orderly fashion to petition for justice and liberty. I am sure that so much blood and so much pain caused to the families of so many victims will not be in vain. It is blood and pain that will water and make fertile new and continually more numerous seeds—Salvadorans who will awaken to the responsibility they have to build a more just and human society—and that will bear fruit in the accomplishment of the daring, urgent, and radical structural reforms that our nation needs. This people’s cry for liberation is a shout that rises up to God and that nothing and no one can now stop.”

8. Romero Citation Continued
When some fall in the struggle, provided it be with sincere love for the people and in search of a true liberation, we should consider them always present among us—not only because they stay in the memory of those who continue their struggles, but also because the transcendence of our faith teaches us that the body’s destruction does not end human life. Rather we hope that after death by God’s mercy we humans will achieve full and absolute liberation. Temporal liberations will always have to be imperfect and transitory. They are sound and are worth struggling for only insofar as they reflect on this earth the justice of God’s kingdom.
Archbishop Oscar Romero January 1979

9. 1980 Assassination of Archbishop Romero, 24 Mr
Film: Romero
1981 FMLN Farabundo Marti Front for Nat. Liberation
El Escandon battle, US opposition, CIA intervention
José Napoleón Duarte
Coup in 1979, Civilian President
Ju 1984 and June 1989.
Massacre of Highland Indigenous Peoples

10. 2. Honduras

11. Honduras Underdeveloped, but more equitable land distribution
1963 Military rule, then populist government in 1972
1980, 1981 Free democratic elections
Militarization of Guatemalan society by US

12. Historical Sources The Stroessner Regime and Indigenous Resistance
Ch. 4 Integration Turns to Exclusion

13. 3. Guatemala Jorge Ubico, Dictator 1931-1945
United Fruit Co., John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, Anne Whitman
Juán Arévalo (peaceful revolution
Jacobo Arbenz 1951, 1952 Agrarian Reform Law

14. CIA Intervention
CIA, Castillo Armas, Counter-revolution 7/1954, reign terror
Massacres early 1980s to prevent popular organization
1985 elections “final step in reestablishment of democracy in Guatemala
1990 elections: draw between right-wing candidates (neo-liberal)
Galeano: Open Veins,

15. 4. Nicaraguan Revolution
FSLN Sandinistas in power ( )
redistributed 1/5 land
Iran-Contra Scandal (19 million to
Contras), war based Honduras
March 1983 invasion by Somocistas, CIA, crushed by 1986
Ja 1985, Popular Elections of won
by Daniel Ortega of FSLN
1990 Election, Violeta Chamorro
of UNO Regime

16. 5. The Cuban Revolution Fulgencio Batista, 1933-1944, 1952-1959
Fidel Castro, Sierra Maestra Mts.,
Nationalism,
Anti-imperialism

17. The Most Controversial Revolution
Confiscation 1 billion US property and investments
Education: teachers tripled, schools quintupled, illiteracy disappeared
Education free through university;
In 1973, 28 million books published
All medical services free, life expectancy
and health improved dramatically
Public housing better than every before
Arts and athletics, painting, literature, music flourished, Nat. Ballet
Elite and middle classes fled the country
Some repression and limitations of assembly, free speech, publication
All Cubans enjoyed necessities of life, impressive standard of living
Cuba’s economy boomed; growth 9-10% annually
Heavy dependency on the U.S.S.R. for sugar market and military

18. Conclusions
The controversial results of the Cold War in Central America