1. LOGIC IN GENERAL

2. TOPICS Definitions Truth and Meaning
Material and Formal Objects of Logic
Ideas & Terms

3. LOGIC: Definitions The science of correct reasoning
As a Science: the Systematic Body of Knowledge of Reasoning
Can be Verified/Validated, Replicated, & Accounted for
Man as Homo sapiens sapiens: Humans with Creativity & Imagination
REASON: that which concerns itself to know things
INTELLECT: faculty that allows Reason to arise & flourish
Reason + Intellect = THINKING
Thinking + Analytical Perspective = CRITICAL THINKING

4. TWO TYPES Natural Logic: the innate natural order of correct thinking
Biological Functions
Scientific Logic: the systematic way of reasoning to examine thought processes in difficult or controversial cases
Debate
Theorizing
Philosophizing
Reflection
Contemplation

5. BRANCHES
FORMAL LOGIC
Symbolic Logic, only concerned with the correctness rather than the truth of a logical process
Concerns itself with the FORM rather than the SUBSTANCE of the argument
MATERIAL LOGIC
Critical Thinking, concerned with the Truth, the substance of the argument
Establishes connection between thought-contents & reality to arrive at the conclusion

6. 3 DIVISIONS
SIMPLE APPREHENSION: the intellect grasps the meaning of something (passively taking hold of something without affirmation or denial)
JUDGEMENT: the mental operation that pronounces the identity or non-identity between ideas
REASONING: mental creation which proceeds from a previously known truth to a new truth

7. IDEAS & TERMS SIMPLE APPREHENSION
Grasping and abstracting the essence/meaning of things without denial or affirmation
2 Types of Meanings: Connotation(Symbolic) and Denotation(Literal)
IDEA: mental product of apprehension
TERM: verbal manifestation of an Idea

8. IDEAS
SENSE DATA  IMAGE  COMPREHENSION = IDEAS SENSE DATA: experience through the senses IMAGE: representation of the conscious experience; reflects the sensible aspects of reality COMPREHENSION: identifying the nature of the experience by identifying the essential elements; divided into CONCRETE(that which is perceived through the senses), and ABSTRACT(that which is universal in scope of meaning) IDEA: a mental sign to grasp the essence of something; considered as abstract; CONCEPTS

9. TERMS The need to communicate the Abstract
The importance of understanding the Abstract
TERM: the verbal manifestation of an Idea; a conventional sign that is expressive of an idea
SIGN: a recognizable connection between it and the entity/object to be known; something that leads to the knowledge of something else
CONVENTIONAL SIGN: an arbitrary sign which results from the ‘common agreement’ among men; contra Natural Sign, where the connection with the object that is represented is given by nature
EXPRESSIVE of an idea: makes the abstract understandable via Language; Terms serve to articulate Ideas

10. MEANINGS: The Logical Properties of Terms
CONNOTATION
Indicates the meaning, the substance of something
Aka intention, signification, or comprehension
DENOTATION
Refers to something; the literal side of a term
Relationship: Inversely-Proportional, as Connotation increases, Denotation decreases, & vice versa

11. CLASSIFICATION OF TERMS
According to COMPREHENSION
According to EXTENSION
According to ORIGIN
According to RELATION
According to MEANING
According to QUALITY
According to OBJECT

12. According to Comprehension
SIMPLE: expresses one conceptual note
Truth: conformity between intellect and object
Being: an existential thing
Falsity: non-conformity between intellect and object
COMPOUND: expresses more than one conceptual note
E.g. Man, God, etc.
CONCRETE: expresses something which has attributes that can be perceived by the senses
E.g. Ball, Desk, Table, etc.
ABSTRACT: expresses something that is separated from any single object; a pure idea expressed in words
E.g. Love, Perfection, Good, Evil, etc.
Note: A term or idea can be both Concrete & Abstract

13. According to EXTENSION
SINGULAR: represents one single object only.
Proper Nouns: Names, Places, etc.
Indicators: This dog, That face, My family
UNIVERSAL: represents not only a class as a whole but also each member of the class
Quantifiers: All, Everyone, Each, Nobody, Nothing, etc.
E.g. Plants, Girl, Boy, Chair, Table
PARTICULAR: represents only a part of the Universal whether it is definite or indefinite
Not a whole; not referring to one, but refers to a part, or percentage
E.g. Many(2 out of 10), Some(3 out of 10), Few, Several, Majority
COLLECTIVE: represents a number of things constituting a group or whole; indicates a sum or aggregate and not as individual & unrelated units
E.g. Family, Society, Choir, Humans, etc.

14. According to ORIGIN
IMMEDIATE: Intuitive, formed via direct perception of things
E.g. whistle, chair, chirping, falling rain, doll
MEDIATE: Abstractive, formed via mediation of other ideas
E.g. God, Life, Philosophy, Soul

15. According to RELATION COMPATIBLE: terms that can co-exist in a subject
E.g. wise and good, hot and spicy, rich and famous, young, wild, & free
INCOMPATIBLE: terms that cannot co-exist with one another; they exclude each other
CONTRADICTORY
CONTRARY
PRIVATIVE
CORRELATIVE

16. INCOMPATIBLE TERMS
CONTRADICTORY: mutually excluding each other; no middle ground: one affirms & the other denies
E.g. Just –Unjust, Valid – Invalid, Legal - Illegal
CONTRARY: expresses extremes within the same class; there exists a middle ground
E.g. Rich – Poor, Beautiful – Ugly, Fast - Slow
PRIVATIVE: opposing ideas: one expresses perfection; the other the lack thereof which ought to be possessed
E.g. Truth – Lie, Good – Evil, Hearing – Deafness, Light – Dark
CORRELATIVE: opposing ideas with mutual correlation: one cannot be understood without the other; each term is dependent upon each other
E.g. Cause – Effect, Husband – Wife, Whole – Part
Note: An Idea or Term can be both Privative and Correlative

17. According to MEANING UNIVOCAL: same meaning in several uses
E.g. Animal, Polygon when predicated after an example stays the same
EQUIVOCAL: several meaning through several uses
Only in Pronunciation: dew – due, soar – sore, ill – eel
In Pronunciation & Spelling: Ground (Noun & Verb), Hunk (Noun & Adjective), Trunk (Noun)
ANALOGOUS: meaning in some ways the same and in other ways different
E.g. God exists VS Man exists, Head of Family VS Head
*AMBIGUOUS: one term, several meanings
*VAGUE: no clear, distinct meaning; depends largely on context

18. According to QUALITY Positive in Form, Positive in Meaning (+,+)
E.g. Life, Justice, Truth, Freedom
Positive in Form, Negative in Meaning (+,-)
E.g. Death, Lie, Error, Sin, Cruelty
Negative in Form, Negative in Meaning (-,-)
E.g. Immoral, Illegal, Incompetent, Dishonest
Negative in Form, Positive in Meaning (-,+)
E.g. Immortal, Infinite, Independent, Sinless

19. According to OBJECT
REAL: expresses something with existential qualities, whether positive or negative
E.g. Chair, Scandal, Enjoyment, Clarity
LOGICAL: used as a conceptual device to facilitate learning
E.g. , Predicate, Phyla, Classification, Division
IMAGINARY: has no correspondence in reality but is merely a fabrication of the mind
E.g. Unicorn, Flying Carpet, Batman