1. Lecture 3: The Standard Model
The fundamental model for elementary particles.
Point Particles not strings !
No gravity !
What are the 3 families of particles?
What’s a Boson, Fermion, Lepton and quark?
Is Nature Supersymmetric?
What are Higgs particles?? Monopoles???
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

2.
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

3. Electrons & muons & Taus… oh my. Welcome to the particle ZOO.
The standard model is a good theory for the constituents of matter.
Almost all the particles predicted have been found experimentally.
It is fairly simple, and explains hundreds of particles and their complex interactions with only 6 quarks, 6 leptons and a few force carrying particles. (Double with SUSY.)
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

4. What are the 3 families of particles?
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

5. Details Details ??
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

6. Hadrons, Baryons & Mesons
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

7. Bosons and Fermions
A Boson is a particle with integer spin. A photon has spin 1. So does a gluon and W, Z particles. Do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle, obey Bose-Einstein statistics. (eg. Vector bosons are often force carriers. Not Higgs boson though, Higgs Boson has spin =0)
A Fermion is a particle with odd ½ integer spin. An electron has spin ½. Also protons and neutrons… all matter particles in fact. Obey Pauli exclusion principle and Fermi-Dirac statistics.
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

8. Leptons and Quarks
Leptons and quarks are supposedly indivisible particles.
Leptons (Electrons, Muons, Taus, neutrinos & their antiparticles) are stand-alone particles and can be observed in the wild, err… “naked”.
Quarks can only be found inside other particles, like Protons and Neutrons (in 3s) and Mesons (in 2s, quark +anti-quark).
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

9. Quarks and Anti-Quarks
Baryons and Mesons are colorless.
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

10. What are Protons and Neutrons made of ? What is isotopic spin symmetry?
Quarks have both electric and color charge
Color charges: Red, green & blue {1,2,3}
And Flavors: { u d c s t b } yummy
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

11. Quantum Chromodynamics QCD
Quantum Chromodynamics QCD. Gluons have both color and anti-color, 9 varieties but 1 combination is white which is not allowed which leaves 8 types of gluon.
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

12. A Physicists drawing of the same process; using an up quark.
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

13. When gluons interact with each other…
You get a GLUEBALL !!
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

14. From QED to U(1) + SU(2) & SU(3)
Extension of the local U(1) symmetry of QED to include QCD SU(3), was done by Yang and Mills in Electroweak theory proven 1983.
Larger symmetries involve non-commuting algebra (non-Abelian, ie. AxB is not BxA.) Now called Yang-Mills theories.
U(1) gauge symmetry refers to Local phase invariance. (A 1/2 wave plate in front of 1 slit, in a 2 slit interference experiment, is like AB-effect, introduce a B-field between the slits.)
U(3) refers to 3 colors, red green blue in QCD.
Yang-Mills gauge symmetry U(2) involves isotopic spin which is the interchange of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

15. Higgs Boson adds particle mass
These spin-less force particles give other particles their mass.
The addition of the Higgs field (a field implies there are associated force particles) again helps to renormalize the theory.. gets rid of infinities.
Axions may represent yet another field, with much lighter particles OK OK too many details…
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

16. Renormalized electroweak theory: Weinberg-Salam-Glashow model confirmed, CERN Heavy W+ W- and Z particles found
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

17. What about Super-symmetry?
In order to remove infinities in the theory fermions should transform into bosons and vice versa. (This is a natural consequence of string theory!!)
Each particle is predicted to have a super-partner called a sparticle.
The partner for the electron (fermion) is the selectron (boson), for photon is photino etc. Each differs from its partner by spin ½. (More about this in the next lecture)
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

18. Hunting for monopoles
Maxwell’s equations are more symmetric with monopoles. (write on board)
GUT requires their existence
Monopoles have not been found yet, because they are very massive and rare.
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

19. Where do we stand with the TOE?
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

20. Standard Model Draw-backs
A unified theory would consist of a mathematical framework in which all the forces and particles occur naturally. The masses and interaction strengths should be predicted by the theory not input as experimental parameters. Gravity should be included, and it is NOT in the standard model.
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

21. Reading Material: for the quiz…
Just kidding about the quiz!
“Superheavy Magnetic Monopoles” Sci. Amer. April p.106 (1982).
“The search for proton decay” Sci. Amer. p.54 June (1985).
“Is Nature Supersymmetric” Sci. Amer. p.52 June (1986)
“The Higgs Boson” Scientific American p.76 Nov (1986)
“The theory formerly known as Strings” Sci. Amer. p.64 June (1998).
“Gauge theories of the forces between elementary particles”, by Gerard t’ Hooft Sci. Amer., June (1980).
Particle Physics: A Los Alamos Primer, Ed. by N. G. Cooper and G. B. West, Cambrige U. Press, 1988.
Introduction to Elementary particles, by David Griffiths, Wiley 1987.
THE 2 LAST BOOKS ARE EXCELLENT… QM and E&M by Griffiths are also excellent!! And I strongly recommend them to students.
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

22. See you Feb 23rd Lecture 4: Strings and things
THE END
See you Feb 23rd
Lecture 4: Strings and things
Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics