2. YOU SHOULD MAKE SURE YOU KNOW THE CONTENT OF ALL THESE SLIDES AND COMPLETE ALL ACTIVITIES

3. You need to know the words below, check you have them in your books. SWASH – movement of water up the beach as a wave breaks. BACKWASH – movement of water down the beach as water from wave returns to the sea. FETCH – the length of the stretch of water that the waves have travelled across to reach the coast. PREVAILING WIND – the direction the wind usually blows from.

4. You need to be able to describe the differences between constructive And destructive waves. CONSTRUCTIVE WAVES BUILD THE BEACH BECAUSE SWASH IS STRONGER THAN BACKWASH DESTRUCTIVE WAVES ERODE THE BEACH BECAUSE BACKWASH IS STRONGER THAN SWASH

5. HYDRAULIC POWER – The force of water and air pushed into cracks and shattering the cliff. CORRASION – The force of pebbles and rocks thrown against the cliff, breaking pieces off. ATTRITION – Pebbles rubbing together in the water and making smooth rocks. CORROSION – A chemical reaction that is particularly good at wearing away limestone.

6. YOU MUST MAKE CERTAIN THAT YOU UNDERSTAND WHAT THE PROCESSES DO. THEY ARE THE KEY TO SCORING HIGH MARKS ON MANY SIX MARK QUESTIONS. IF YOU DON’T UNDERSTAND THEM, YOU CANNOT SCORE MORE THAN TWO OUT OF SIX!

7. METHODS OF TRANSPORT How material is carried in the water LARGE ROCKS ARE DRAGGED ALONG THE BOTTOM. PEBBLES BOUNCE ALONG THE BOTTOM. TINY MATERIAL IS CARRIED ALONG IN THE WATER SOME ROCKS WILL DISSOLVE IN THE SEA.

8. Look at the diagram carefully. You can see that the prevailing wind is blowing at an angle to the coast. This affects the direction of the swash. The backwash is affected by gravity and moves back towards the sea at right-angles to the coast. This is a really important idea for the coats unit. You need to practise remembering the diagram so that you could draw it in an exam. Remember that a diagram with no labels is no good.

9. Without looking at the previous slide. Draw a diagram to explain longshore dirft. Underneath it, explain how longshore drift happens. Use all the words below. ANGLEPREVAILING WINDWAVES BREAKGRAVITYSWASH BACKWASHRIGHT-ANGLES TRANSPORTATION

10. THE WORDS ON THE PREVIOUS SLIDE ARE GREAT WORDS TO WRITE IN THE MARGIN IN THE EXAM BEFORE STARTING AN ANSWER. CAN YOU REMEMBER THEM ALL? CLICK TO CHECK. THERE WERE 9 TO REMEMBER! ANGLE PREVAILING WIND WAVES BREAK GRAVITY SWASH BACKWASH RIGHT-ANGLES TRANSPORTATION

11. WHAT DO THE FOLLOWING WORDS MEAN? CLICK TO CHECK YOUR ANSWERS. CORROSION A chemical reaction that wears away rocks such as limestone. SALTATION Material bounces along to seafloor. CORRASION Cliffs are eroded by the force of rocks thrown in the water breaking pieces off. TRACTION Large rocks are dragged along the seafloor. ATTRITION The smoothing of rocks and pebbles as they bash against each other in the sea. SUSPENSION Small material is carried along in the water. HYDRAULIC POWER Rocks are forced apart and shattered as air and water are pushed into cracks. SOLUTION Some rocks slowly dissolve in the water and are carried in solution.

13. LOW TIDE MARK As the notch gets deeper the overhang becomes unsupported and falls under the force of gravity. This leaves a “shelf” between high and low tide called a wave cut platform. Corrasion attacks the cliff between these two marks the most. Hydraulic power forces air and water into small gaps force pieces of rock to break off. The notch gets deeper into the headland, leaving an overhang. HIGH TIDE MARK Original cliff position

14. Draw a diagram to show how wave cut notches and platforms are formed. Write a description of what happens making sure you explain how the processes work. Include the words below….. High Tide Low TideCorrasionHydraulic Power OverhangNotchDeeperRetreat

15. Weaknesses in the rock are attacked by corrosion (dissolving the rock around the weakness) and hydraulic power which shatters pieces of rock around the crack as the force of water and air pushes into the cliff. The weakness grows into a cave over time as hydraulic power and corrasion continue to act on the cliff. Eventually the cave will cut through the headland leaving an arch. Weathering makes the top of the arch thinner. Eventually it will collapse.

16. Draw a diagram to show caves, arches and stacks are formed. Write a description of what happens making sure you explain how the processes work. Include the words below….. Weakness CorrosionCorrasionHydraulic Power CaveDeeperWeatheringArch CollapseStack

18. A spit is a deposition feature. For a spit to form three factors are needed. You will need to remember these and label them on any diagram about spits. 1. Shallow Water 3. An area where longshore drift occurs. 2. A sudden change in the direction of the coastline

19. 1. Waves break on the beach at an angle. Material is washed up the beach in swash whilst gravity carries the material back down the beach in backwash. The is called longshore drift. 2. At the sudden change in coastline the longshore drift continues in the same direction through the shallow water. 3. As the water gets deeper and the river current stronger deposition stops. Wind blowing from a different direction may curve the end of the spit. wind river current

20. LONGSHORE DRIFT DEEP WATER PREVAILING WIND RIVER CURRENT SECONDARY WIND HOOKED END SHALLOW WATER CHANGE IN DIRECTION OF THE COASTLINE

21. CAVE HYDRAULIC POWER CORRASION HEADLAND HARD ROCK LONGSHORE DRIFT DIRECTION OF COAST SHALLOW WATER DEEP WATER RIVER CURRENT HOOKED END PREVAILING WIND HIGH & LOW TIDE CORROSION CORRASION HYDRAILIC POWER NOTCH OVERHANG PREVAILING WIND ANGLE SWASH BACKWASH GRAVITY TRANSPORTATION STRONG BACKWASH WEAK SWASH BEACH DESTROYER TALL SHORT WAVE LENGTH FREQUENT COLLAPSE WEATHERING ARCH HYDRAULIC POWER WEAK CORROSION

23. GROYNES – wooden fences that are at right angles to the coast. They trap material carried by longshore drift. Direction of longshore drift Many of the Groynes in the UK are victorian. Eventually the wood rots and they need replacing. Groynes can be seen in Blackpool. There may be problems further down the coast because the beach there will have less sand. Rip Rap is an expensive way to protect the coast as large amounts of rock are needed. Rip Rap is seen by many to be very ugly and may affect the tourism in the area if the coast is not attractive. RIP RAP are large rocks dumped along the coast. They absorb wave energy and prevent the force of waves reaching the coast. Rip Rap can be seen in Morecambe SEA WALLS are built along the coastline. The are huge concrete walls. They reflect wave energy back out to sea. Sea Walls can be seen in Bridlington Reflecting energy may cause scouring at the base of the wall. This may result in damage to the foundations of the wall. Sea walls are expensive to build, costing approx £10,000 per metre BEACH NOURISMENT is a soft engineering approach to protecting the coast. Sand is added to the beach to help maintain natural protection against the sea. The beach is built up by the extra sand and this helps keep waves away from the coastline. A constant supply of sand is required.

24. Name of defence Description of what it looks like How it works?DisadvantagesWhere it can be seen? Groynes Seawall Rip Rap Beach Nourishment

25. Mappleton is on the Holderness Coast in East Yorkshire. The Holderness coast has one of the fastest erosion rates in the world – an average of 2m per year. The cliff are made of glacial till (boulder clay) and are very soft. The threat to the main road (B1242) through the village prompted the council to protect the coast. Grass at base of cliff helps bind the soil Landscaped cliff to a more gentle slope. Water would roll up the cliff base rather than eat into it. Sand trapped by rock armour.

26. Healthy beach at Mappleton as sand is trapped by the rock armour which keeps the waves from the cliff base. Great Cowden is down coast of Mappleton. The beach has almost disappeared here bacause of the sand trapped at Mappleton. Erosion increased from 2 metres per year up to 20 metres lost in one year as waves bashed the cliff 24/7. Sue Earl had to pay for the demolition of her farm here.

27. Which coastline is Mappleton on? Holderness What is the cliff made of at Mappleton? Boulder Clay (Glacial Till) Why did the council decide to protect Mappleton? To protect the B1242 How does planting grass at the base of the cliff help? Roots grip the soil What has been used to trap sand from longshore drift? Rock Armour What was the average erosion rate along the Mappleton coast? 2 metres per year Name the place where erosion increased after Mappleton was protected? Great Cowden How much did the erosion rate increase here? 20 metres lost in one year How often did the waves reach the cliff here? 24/7 Name the farmer who had her farm demolished? Sue Earl M.G.Q.

29. Holbeck Hall in Scarborough fell into the sea in 1997 when the cliff slumped at the base causing mass movement. Mudflow- occurs when the cliff become so saturated with rainwater that the cliff collapses and is mobile enough to flow quite quickly on to the beach.

30. Blackpool became popular during the industrial revolution with holiday makers from the north of England. Today it faces problems of coping with visitors and keeping its business against an increasingly competitive global market. Problems include: Unemployment in winter months when attractions are closed. Overcrowding and congestion at peak times. Competition from resorts abroad with more reliable weather. Keeping the beach clean. Solutions: Investment in street cleaning equipment and maintaining a clean beach – earning an EU Blue Flag. Extending the season into winter months by becoming a conference centre and marketing the illuminations. Providing new facilities, some of which are indoor – e.g. Pepsi Max.