1. Negative and Positive Feedback Loops December 18, 2014

2. Control of Homeostasis

3. Homeostatic Control Systems In order to maintain homeostasis, control system must be able to –Detect deviations from normal in the internal environment that need to be held within narrow limits –Integrate this information with other relevant information –Make appropriate adjustments in order to restore factor to its desired value

4. Homeostatic Control Systems Control systems are grouped into two classes –Intrinsic controls Local controls that are inherent in an organ –Extrinsic controls Regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ Accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems

5. Homeostatic Control Systems Feedforward - term used for responses made in anticipation of a change Feedback - refers to responses made after change has been detected –Types of feedback systems Negative Positive

6. Feedback Loops: Types Negative feedback loop –original stimulus reversed –most feedback systems in the body are negative –used for conditions that need frequent adjustment Positive feedback loop –original stimulus intensified –seen during normal childbirth

7. Negative Feedback Loop Negative feed back loop consists of: Receptor - structures that monitor a controlled condition and detect changes Control center - determines next action Effector –receives directions from the control center –produces a response that restores the controlled condition

8. Negative Feedback Loop

10. Homeostasis – Negative Feedback Loop Blood glucose concentrations rise after a sugary meal (the stimulus), the hormone insulin is released and it speeds up the transport of glucose out of the blood and into selected tissues (the response), so blood glucose concentrations decrease (thus decreasing the original stimulus).

11. Homeostasis of Blood Pressure Baroreceptors in walls of blood vessels detect an increase in BP Brain receives input and signals blood vessels and heart Blood vessels dilate, HR decreases BP decreases

12. Positive Feedback during Childbirth Stretch receptors in walls of uterus send signals to the brain Brain induces release of hormone (oxytocin) into bloodstream Uterine smooth muscle contracts more forcefully More stretch, more hormone, more contraction etc. Cycle ends with birth of the baby & decrease in stretch