1. Hail Caesar! The Romans: Case Study Chapter 3 Source: ‘Giulio-cesare’ by Andreas Wahra, modifications by Wolpertinger und Phrood. Licensed under public domain via Wikimedia Commons.

2. Denarius of Julius Caesar, 48-47 BC (RSC 18), from Pergamon Museum, Berlin OBV: Head of a goddess wearing an oak leaf wreath (Clementia? Pietas?) Note ‘LII’, indicating Caesar’s age (52) RV: Gallic military tropaion holding an oval shield and a Gallic trumpet (carnyx); an axe topped with an animal head is on the right Source: http://www.ngccoin.com/news/viewarticle.aspx?IDArticle=3035&NGC-Ancients%3A-Caesar-and-Brutus%3A-A-Brief-Survey.

3. Julius Caesar, February-March 44 BC. AR Denarius (3.95 gm). L. Aemilius Buca, moneyer. CAESAR IM P (crescent moon) M, laureate head right; crescent behind / L AEMILIVS BVCA, Venus standing left, holding Victoria and sceptre. RSC 22. Soure: http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/sear5/s1408.html#RSC_0022.

4. Silver denarius, R/ DICT PERPETVO CAESAR, wreathed and veiled head of Caesar right; V/ SEPVLLIVS MACER, Venus standing left, Victory in right, long vertical sceptre in left, shield at feet to right. Type: RSC 9 Source: http://www.museumsurplus.com/EidMar.htm

5. Lifetime portrait of Julius Caesar, c. 44 BC, from Tusculum, now in Castello di Algiè, Turin Source: http://www.aeria.phil.uni-erlangen.de/photo_html/portrait/roemisch/republik/benannt/caesar/caesar5.jpg. Note : Caesar’s thinning hair His sunken cheeks His lined neck

6. Sestertius with portraits of Octavian (OBV) and Divus Julius (Caesar) (REV), c. 37 BC, now at the British Museum Source: British Museum. Labels added by A. Graham. Seemingly overnight, Caesar has lost his bald patch, his wrinkles and his well-lined neck

7. Source: Photo by Bernini Studiati. http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/img.htm?id=5314. Marble portrait of Julius Caesar c. 30-20 BC, now at Museo dell ’Opera del Duomo, Pisa Differences: Caesar’s flowing locks His defined but not overly sunken cheeks His muscled but not lined neck Similarities: His profile is maintained His brow is furrowed with subtle lines

8. Source: ‘Brutus Eid Mar’. Licensed under public domain via Wikimedia Commons. Denarius, c. 43/42 BC OBV: BRUT IMP (Brutus Imperator), minted by L. PLAET CEST (Lucius Plaetorius Cestianus) (the moneyer) REV: EID MAR (Ides of March), two daggers and a cap of liberty, referring to the liberation of the Roman people by Caesar’s assassins