1. ASYMPTOTES

2. An asymptote of a curve is a line such that the distance between the curve and the line approaches zero as they tend to infinity

3. Y X

4. TYPES OF ASYMPTOTES

5. ASYMPTOTES
VERTICAL
ASYMPTOTES
HORZONTAL
ASYMPTOTES
OBLIQUE
ASYMPTOTES

6. VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES
The line x = a is a vertical asymptote of the graph of the function
y = ƒ (x) if at least one of the following statements is true:
Lim f (x) =+∞ or -∞ or Lim f (x)=+∞ or -∞
X → a-
X → a+

7. Y
ASYMPTOTES
CURVE X

8. The function ƒ(x) may or may not be defined at a, and its precise value at the point x = a does not affect the asymptote. For example, for the function f(x)=1/x for x> or 5 for x<=0 has a limit of +∞ as x → 0+, ƒ(x) has the vertical asymptote x = 0, even though ƒ(0) = 5. The graph of this function does intersect the vertical asymptote once, at (0,5). It is impossible for the graph of a function to intersect a vertical asymptote (or a vertical line in general) in more than one point. A common example of a vertical asymptote is the case of a rational function at a point x such that the denominator is zero and the numerator is non-zero.

9. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES
Horizontal asymptotes are horizontal lines that the graph of the function approaches as x → ±∞. The horizontal line y = c is a horizontal asymptote of the function y = ƒ(x)
if Lim f(x)=c or
Lim f(x)=c
In the first case, ƒ(x) has y = c as asymptote when x tends to −∞, and in the second that ƒ(x) has y = c as an asymptote as x tends to +∞
x→∞
x→ -∞

10. Y
curve
asymptotes X

11. OBLIQUE ASYMPTOTES
When a linear asymptote is not parallel to the x- or y-axis, it is called an oblique asymptote or slant asymptote. A function f(x) is asymptotic to the straight line y = mx + n (m ≠ 0)
if Lim [f (x) - (mx+n) ]=0 Or
Lim [f (x) - (mx+n) ]=0
x→∞
X → -∞

12. Y
asymptotes
m x +b X
curve

13. WORKING RULE TO FIND OBLIQUE ASYMPTOTES OF AN ALGEBRAIC CURVES
In the highest degree terms,put x=1,y=m and obtain Φ (m).Then in the next highest degree term again put x=1,y=m to obtain Φ (m) and so on.
Put Φ (m)=0,then its roots say m1,m2…. are the slopes of the asymptotes. n
n-1 n

14. 3.For the non repeated roots of Φ (m)=0,find c from the relation
c=-Φ (m)/Φ (m) for each value
of m.
The required asymptotes are
y=m1x+c1
y=m2x+c2
y=m3x+c3 ………… n
n-1 n

15. 4.If Φ (m)=0 for some value of m but
Φ (m)≠0 ,then there is no asymptotes corresponding to that value of m.
5.If Φ "'(m)=0 and also Φ (m)=0 which is the case when two of the asymptotes are parallel, then find c from the equation
(c²/2!)Φ (m)+ cΦ (m)+Φ (m)=0
which gives two values of c. Thus there are two parallel asymptotes corresponding to this value of m. ′ n
n-1 ‘ n
n-1 ″ ‘ ′ n
n-2
n-1

16. (c³/3!)Φ (m)+(c²/2!)Φ (m)+cΦ’ (m)=0.′
6.If Φ (m)=Φ (m)=Φ (m)=0,then the values of c corresponding to this value of m are determined from the equation
(c³/3!)Φ (m)+(c²/2!)Φ (m)+cΦ’ (m)=0. ″
n-1
n-2 n ″ ″′
n-1 n
n-1

17. TO FIND ASYMPTOTES OF ALGEBRAIC CURVE
EXAMPLE
TO FIND ASYMPTOTES OF ALGEBRAIC CURVE

18. Find the asymptotes of the curve x³+3x²y-4y³-x+y+3=0?
SOLUTION:
The given curve is
x³+3x²y-4y³-x+y+3=0
To find the oblique asymptotes
Putting x=1,y=m in the third, second and first degree terms one by one, we get

19. Φ (m)=1+3-4m³ Φ (m)=0 Φ (m)=-1+m Now Φ (m)=0 1+3m-4m³=0
Also Φ (m)=3-12m²
and Φ (m)=-24m 3 2 1 3 ′ 3 ″ 3

20. therefore, c=-Φ (m)/Φ (m) =-Φ (m)/Φ (m) =-(0/(3-12m²))
When m=1, c=-(0/(3-12))=0
When m=-1/2
c=-(0/(3-3))=0
Therefore in this case, c is given by
(c²/2!)Φ (m)+cΦ (m)+Φ(m)=0
(c²/2!)(-24m)+c.0+(m-1)=0 ′
n-1 n ′ 2 3 ″ ′ 3 2 1

21. (c²/2)(12)-(1/2)-1=0
c²=1/4
c=±1/2, for m=-1/2
Now the asymptotes are obtained by putting the values of m and c in y=mx+c,
i.e y=x+0 ,
y=(-1/2)x+1/2
and y=(-1/2)x+(-1/2)

22. WORKING RULE FOR FINDING ASYMPTOTES OF POLAR CURVES

23. 1.In the given equation ,put r=1/u.
2.If the given equation involves trigonometric ratios, convert them to sinθ and cosθ.
find the limit of θ as u → 0.
Let θ ,θ ,…..,θ be the limits obtained.
3. Find p=lim(-dθ/du) for each of the θ ,
obtained in step 2.
4.The corresponding asymptotes are given by the equation p=r sin(θ-θ ). 1 2 n u θ θ i i i i i

24. EXAMPLE
TO FIND ASYMPTOTES OF
POLAR CURVE

25. 1.FIND THE ASYMPTOTES OF THE CURVE r=(2a)/(1+2cosθ)?
SOLUTION:
Putting u=1/r,the equation of the curve becomes
2au=1+2cosθ
When u → 0,then
cosθ =-1/2
= cos2π/3
θ =2nπ±2π/3 1 1

26. Differentiating(1) w.r.t θ, we have 2a(du/dθ)=-2sinθ
or dθ/du=-a cosecθ
p= lim(-dθ/du)
= lim a cosecθ
=a cosec(2nπ±2π/3)
θ→θ1

27. =±a cosec2π/3 =±2a/√3 The asymptotes is p=r sin(θ –θ )
±2a/√3 =r sin[2nπ±2π/3-θ]
±2a/√3 =r sin[±2π/3-θ]
=r sin[2π/3±θ] 1

28. 2. Find the asymptotes of the curve r=a secθ+b tanθ?
SOLUTION:
The given curve is
r=a/cosθ+b (sinθ/cosθ
=(a+b sinθ)/cosθ
u=cosθ/(a+bsinθ) ,where u=1/r ..1
du/dθ=(a+bsinθ)(-sinθ)-(cosθ)(bcosθ) .2
(a+bsinθ)

29. =-(a sinθ+b)/(a+b sinθ)²
From(1), u 0 gives cosθ → 0
i.e θ =(2n+1)π/2
Now, p=lim(-dθ/du)
=lim(a+bsinθ)²/(asinθ+b)
=[a+bsin(2n+1)π/2]²
asin(2n+1)π/2+b 1
θ → θi

30. The equation of asymptotes is p=r sin(θ-θ )
=[a+b(-1)ⁿsinπ/2]²
a(-1)ⁿsinπ/2+b
=[a+b(-1)ⁿ]²
a(-1)ⁿ+b
The equation of asymptotes is
p=r sin(θ-θ )
[a+b(-1)ⁿ]² =r sin[(2n+1)π/2-θ
=(-1)ⁿ r cosθ 1

31. CURVE TRACING

32. METHOD
OF TRACING A CURVE

33. Symmetry   (i) A curve is symmetrical about x-axis if the equation remains the  same by replacing y by             –y. here y should have even powers only.              For example y2= 4ax.   (ii) It is symmetrical about y-axis if it contains only even powers of x  For example x2 = 4ay (iii) If on interchanging x and y, the equation remains the same then  the curve is            symmetrical about the line. y = x,     For example x3 + y3= 3axy
(iv) A curve is symmetrical in the opposite quadrants if its equation remains the                 same when x and y replaced by –x and –y.  For example y = x3 

34. Y O X Y’

35. Y X X’ O

36. Y X’ X O Y’

37. Y X X’ O Y’

38. 2. (a) Origin
The curve passes through the origin, if the equation does not contain
constant term.
For example the curve y2 = 4ax passes through the origin.

39. (b) Tangents at the origin:
To know the nature of a multiple point it necessary to find the tangent at that point.  The equation of the tangent at the origin can be obtained by equating to zero, the lowest degree term in the equation of the curve.

40. 3. Asymptotes Asymptotes are the tangents to the curve at infinity.
(a) Asymptote parallel to the x-axis is obtained by equating to zero, the coefficient of the highest power of x.  For example yx2 - 4x2 + x + 2 = 0            (y - 4)x2 + x + 2 = 0    The coefficient of the highest power of x i.e. x2 is y - 4 = 0           y - 4 = 0 is the asymptote parallel to the x axis.

41. (b) Asymptote parallel to the y-axis is obtained to zero, the coefficient of highest power of y.  For example                                   xy3 - 2y3 + y2 + x2 + 2 = 0                                     (x-2)y3 + y2 + x2 + 2 = 0 The coefficient of the highest power of y. i.e. y3 is x -2. X -2 = 0 is the asymptote parallel to y-axis.

42. 4. The points of intersection with the axes
(i) By putting y= 0 in the equation of the curve we get the co-ordinates of the point of intersection with the x –axis.   (ii) By putting x = 0 in the equation of the curve; the ordinate of the point of  intersection with the y-axis is obtained by solving the new equation. 

43. 5. Regions in which the curve does not lie.
If the value of y is imaginary for certain value of x then the curve does not exist for such values.
Example. y2 = 4x   For negative value of x, y is imaginary so there is no curve is second and third quadrant.

44. (i) For y> 2a x is imaginary so there is no curve in second and third quadrant  (ii) For negative values of y, x is imaginary. There is no curve in 3rd and 4th quadrant.

45. 6. SPECIAL POINTS
  Put 0=dx/dy for the points where tangent is parallel to the x-axis.  For example x2 + y2 - 4x + 4y -1 = 0 ………(1)                          2x +2ydxdy dxdy= 0                          (2y+4) dx/dy= 4 - 2x
or dx/dy=(4-2x)/(2y+4)  Now dx/dy= 0.
4-2x = 0 or x = 2  Putting x =2 in (1),
we get y2 + 4y -5 = 0                            y= 1,- 5  The tangents are parallel to x-axis at the points (2,1) and (2, -5).

46. This procedure can be remembered as :
SOAP-RS
symmetry
region
Special point
origin
asymptotes
Point of intersection

47. EXAMPLE

48. 1. Trace the curve y2( 2a – x ) = x3
Solution: y2= x3/( 2a – x ) ……..(1) 
Symmetrical about x-axis:
Equation contains only even powers of y; therefore, it is symmetrical about x-axis. 

49. Y
TANGENT 2a O X
Y=0
ASYMPTOTES
CISSOID Y’

50. therefore, it passes through origin.
(ii) Origin:
Equation does not contain any constant term;
therefore, it passes through origin. 

51. (iii) Asymptote parallel to y-axis:
Equation of asymptote is obtained by equating the coefficient of lowest degree of y. 
2ay2 – xy2 = x3
or (2a-x)y2 = x3  Eq. Of asymptote is
2a-x = 0 or x = 2a. 

52. (iv) Region of absence of curve:
y2 becomes negative on putting x>2a or x<0, therefore, the curve does not exist for x<0 and x>2a.

53. (v) Tangent at the origin:
Equation of the tangent is obtained by equating to zero the lowest degree terms in the equation (1).            2ay2 – xy2 = x3            Equation of tangent:            2ay2 = 0 → y2 = 0   

54. 2.Trace the curve
x2y2=(a+y)2(a2-y2)
Proof:
The given equation of the curve is y2

55. Y
B(0,a)
Y=a X X’ O
B’(0,-a) Y’

56. 1.Symmetry:
Because of even powers of x only, the curve is symmetrical about y-axis.
2. origin:
The curve does not pass through the origin.

57. 3.ASYMPTOTES:
The equation of the curve is of 4th degree in x and y. The
terms containing x4 and x3 are absent .The coefficient of x2 is y2.
Therefore the asymptotes parallel to x-axis is y=0.There is no other asymptotes to the curve.

58. 4. Points of intersection with co-ordinate axis:
The curve does not meet x-axis.It meets y-axis,where x=0.Therefore y=-a,y=a.
Shifting the origin at (0,a),the equation of the curve transforms into
X2(Y+a)2=(Y+2a)2(-Y)

59. Thus the equation of the tangent at the new origin is Y=0 or y=a is tangent at (0,a).
Again shifting the origin at (0,-a),the equation transform into
X2(Y-a)2=Y3(2a-Y).
Therefore the tangents at the origin are given by X2=0 i.e y-axis is a cuspidal tangent at (0,-a).

60. 5.Region:
The whole of the curve lies between y=-a and y=a.
Hence the shape of the curve is as shown in figure.

61. ASSIGNMENT

62. 1.If y=√logx+√logx+……..+∞, prove that (2y-1)dy=1
dx x
2.If f(x)=x³+2x²-5x+11,find the value of f(9/10) with the help of taylor’s series for f(x+h).

63. 3.State and prove MACLAURIN’S theorem with Lagrange’s form of remainder after n terms.
4.Find all the asymptotes of the curve x(y-x)²-x(y-x)-2=0.
5.If 1 and 2 are the radii of curvature at the extremities of a focal chord of a parabola whose semi-latus rectum is l,prove that (1)-2/3+(2)-2/3=(l)-2/3.

64. 6.If cx,c+y be the chord of curvature parallel to coordinates axes at any point of the curve y=c cosh(x/c);
prove the 4c2(cx2+cy2)=cy4.
7.If y=(cos x)(cos x)(cos x)…∞,prove that
dy=-y2tan x
dx 1-y log cos x
8.If y=(sin-1x)2, prove that
(1-x2)yn+2-(2n+1)xyn+1-n2yn=0.

65. 9.Differentiate sin3x w.r.t. cos3x. 10.Evaluate lim xb-bx . xx-bb

66. TEST

67. SET-A

68. Attempt any two 1.Find the asymptotes of the hyperbola x2-y2 =1 9 4
9 4
2.Find all the asymptotes of the following curves
x(y-x)2-x(y-x)=2
3.Find the asymptotes of curve
r cos 2θ=a sin 3θ

69. SET-B

70. Attempt any two
1.Find the equation of the hyperbola having x+y-1=0 and x-y+2=0 as its asymptotes and passing through the origin.
2.Find the asymptotes of the curve r=a sec θ+b tan θ
3.Find the asymptotes of y=x. ex-e-x
ex+e-x