1. Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
AN OVERVIEW, SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGIES AND MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN NIGERIA
Dr. A. O. Oyebanji
Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute,
Km 3, Asa-Dam Road, Ilorin
An invited paper presented on Wednesday 14th November 2012 at the National Workshop / Exhibition on Management of Post Harvest and Value Chain Financing (13th – 16th November 2012) at the instance of Kaduna Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture (KADCCIMA), Bank of Agriculture and Global Access and Management Limited: At Kaduna International Trade and Investment Centre, Kaduna-Zaria Road, Rigachikun, Kaduna

2. Protocol:…… & Preamble:
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Protocol:…… & Preamble:
Greetings & appreciation
Acknowledgement of KADCCIMA’s continued initiative for this workshop
KADCCIMA, Bank of Agriculture and Global Access and Management Limited –have done well in embracing Private-Public-Partnership (PPP) approach to Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) of the Federal Government of Nigeria by this workshop
Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI)- has the National mandate for Post harvest Research, Extension and Training for development (Loss prevention, value addition and food security and acceptability of crops and products not only for local markets but also for international markets and use, suitable innovations, and protocols)
Brief on History of NSPRI – Colonial era (1948) and cash crops (groundnut, cocoa and palm produce); Post independence (1960) changed name from WASPRU to NSPRI and mandate expanded to local food crops

3. Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Mission statement: Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
We have some achievements in post harvest technologies, protocols and recommendations in the value chain
We disseminate our findings through ADPs by training the trainers / participatory technology development approach;
We have observed limited fund and lack of access to facilities and other resources by farmers and processors who are mainly peasants and poor
Public Private Partnership Strategy is very important for development of post harvest technologies and management in Nigeria
This presentation is about the status, gaps and development in post harvest technologies / management in the value chain

4. Nigeria’s Agricultural Crops
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Nigeria’s Agricultural Crops
Nigeria is greatly blessed with opportunity for abundant Agricultural Crops production.
Grains and Legumes (Maize, Rice, Sorghum, Millet, Cowpea, Groundnut and Soybeans)
Roots and Tubers (Cassava, Yam, Irish and Sweet Potato, Cocoyam and Ginger),
Fruits and Vegetables (Mango, Oranges, Banana, Pineapple, Pawpaw, Tomatoes, Pepper, Telferia, Amaranthus etc),
Oil Seeds and Beverage Crops (melons, cocoa),
Fish and Meats

5. Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
About the crops and products
Crops and products are required in good safe quality as food for man feeds for livestock and raw materials for processors and industries
Good quality crops and products are bright coloured, free of mouldiness, mycotoxin contamination and insect infestation
However, crops and products are ordinarily prone to microbial infection, insect infestation and spoilage including due to animals and birds feeding actions in the value chain
Therefore, mature crops should be harvested timely for immediate consumption or processing (into flours, chips, flakes and pellets, juice or puree) and storage
Ventures in Post harvest value chain including packing, packaging, transportation, processing, storage and marketing are sources of livelihood, employment and empowerment

6. Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Status of post harvest management of Agricultural crops or traditional post harvest practices
Traditional drying of grains and legumes in the field
Delayed harvesting after maturity to sun dry down before harvesting
Associated with losses to birds and rodents
Delayed drying or rewetting in continued or intermittent rains, especialy in the more humid southern Nigeria
High moisture in crops higher than safe level results in mouldiness, mycotoxin contamination (especially under tropical condition)
Health risk of consumption of mouldy / mycotoxin contaminated crops by man and livestock
Myctoxin contaminated crops are objectionable in the markets
Rejected especially in international markets
Alert concerning poor quality of our export crops and products is giving us a bad image
Loss is also in cost of repatriation or destruction of rejected crops and products, borne by exporter

7. Traditional Drying of crops
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Traditional Drying of crops
Crop of all sorts are generally sun dried in the open spreading on flat surfaces:
Tomato on bear ground in Northern Nigeria
Cassava products (fufu’on roadside in West, East and Southern Nigeria
Contaminated with stones, dust and dirt
Wetting and rewetting in intermittent and continued rains, especially in the more humid Southern Nigeria

8. Traditional Storage of Yam Tubers
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Traditional Storage of Yam Tubers
Traditionally, yam tubers are tied to stakes
Tie injury, infection and rotting of tubers and rodent attack
Heating of high heaped tubers outdoors and indoors
Improperly designed closed yam store with metal roof

9. Perishable nature of fresh fruits and vegetables
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Traditional packing of fruits and vegetable
Perishable nature of fresh fruits and vegetables
Heaped packaging of tomato, oranges in weak baskets or receptacles stacked one on top of the other for transportation
Exposure in the sun during market display and storage
Loose transportation of fruits and vegetables in open vans with consequent rapid dehydration and wilting of leaves or crushing with much damage

10. Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Traditional handling and storage of yam chips
Rain soaked bagged dried yam chips Mouldy bulked stored yam chips in market store

11. Traditional processing centre
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Traditional processing centre
Poor sanitation and hygiene practices are common at food packing or processing centres
The processing centers are without planned out order of processing stages
By design and construction the centers are not easily cleaned or washable
Lack of adequate facilities, equipment, electricity, water and drainage- with consequent flooding with waste and dirt water.

12. Traditional handling of fish and meats
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Traditional handling of fish and meats
Traditionally fish and meats are cooked soon post harvest for immediate consumption against spoilage losses.
In addition, fish and meats are smoked or roasted including production into Kilishi and Suya.
However, the traditional processing of fish and meats is not hygienic and is associated with contamination with dirt including stones which are quite objectionable.
Fish and meats are perishables especially under ambient condition in the tropics like Nigeria.

13. Traditional pest control efforts
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Traditional pest control efforts
Characterized by misuse and abuse of chemical pesticides
Wrong dosage in the use of chemical pesticides
Use of ban chemicals pesticides such as gamalin-20

14. Causes of Post harvest losses and challenges
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Causes of Post harvest losses and challenges
Perishable nature of fleshy fresh or living crops,
Feeding activities of pests (spoilage microorganisms, insects, birds, rodents and other animals,
Inadequate handling of crops in the value chain
Why?
ignorance of adequate post harvest facilities, technologies, processes or protocols of handling, transportation, processing, packaging, storage and marketing,
carelessness concerning the need for adequate post harvest facilities, technologies, processes or protocols of handling, transportation, processing, packaging, storage and marketing,
Lack of access to adequate post harvest facilities, technologies, processes or protocols of handling, transportation, processing, packaging, storage and marketing,

15. high cost and technicality of technologies, lack of access to finance,
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
high cost and technicality of technologies,
lack of access to finance,
limited assistance and support for:
Financing for post harvest technologies in the value chain of our agricultural crops in the face of adverse impact of Climate change on production, processing and storage.
training and on post harvest technologies in the value chain of our agricultural crops in the face of adverse impact of Climate change on production, processing and storage.
extension on post harvest technologies in the value chain of our agricultural crops in the face of adverse impact of Climate change on production, processing and storage.

16. Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Improved post harvest Technologies, Products, Protocols and Recommendations
Timely harvesting of grains for adequate drying, packaging and storage in improved warehouse or bulk storage in Inert Atmosphere Silos or Hermetic Containers Improved Ventilated Crib – for de-husked maize cobs and bundles of ears of corn, kept disinfested with recommended spray and dust, the active ingredient of which must breakdown before consumption.

17. Improved Warehouse Air tight against ingress of moisture
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Improved Warehouse
Air tight against ingress of moisture
Batch stacking of bagged dried produce on pallets
Opportunity for fumigation under PVC

18. Inert Atmosphere Silos
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Inert Atmosphere Silos
Storage of dried grains without chemical insecticides
Oxygen is purged out with Nitrogen and aerobe especially insects die out

19. Hermetic Containers – Domestic level storage of dried grains
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Hermetic Containers
– Domestic level storage of dried grains
storage with or without fumigation (safe fumigation)

20. Improved Yam Barn Layering of tubers on smooth shelves in IYB
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Improved Yam Barn
Layering of tubers on smooth shelves in IYB
Rodent Control and Cool Storage under partial ventilation
Provisions for maximization of natural coolness
Provision of nettings against birds and rodent attacks.
*Shelf layering of yam tubers for storage and transportation in ventilated vehicles

21. Diffuse Light Store Gently harvest seed potato
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Diffuse Light Store
Gently harvest seed potato
Sort for wholesome seeds
Wash gently and dip treat in fungicide/insectici de solution
air dried and cured seed potato in stacked ventilated plastic crates or in tray shelves in DLS

22. Storage of cassava roots in moist sawdust in baskets,
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Storage of cassava roots in moist sawdust in baskets,
wooden boxes and cassava warehouse
 It is traditionally believed that cassava cannot be stored post harvest
Farmers delay harvesting until when needed for consumption or sale or processing
Results in woodying due to lignifications as it over age
Rotting results from flooding
Storability of cassava roots for up to 12 weeks in Moist Sawdust

23. STORAGE OF FRESH CASSAVA TUBERS
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
STORAGE OF FRESH CASSAVA TUBERS
Day 0
Day 90

24. Improved Cassava Processing Centre at NSPRI IBADAN
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Improved Cassava Processing Centre at NSPRI IBADAN

25. Hygienic Processing of Cassava Chips for HQCF
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Hygienic Processing of Cassava Chips for HQCF

26. Improved packaging of fruits in Ventilated Crates
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Improved packaging of fruits in Ventilated Crates

27. Improved handling of vegetables
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Improved handling of vegetables
Vegetable Boxes
Fruits and Vegetable Shed

28. Evaporative Coolant Systems (ECSs)
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Evaporative Coolant Systems (ECSs)
Evaporative Coolers, for fresh storage of fruits and vegetables

29. Fruits Packing House at NSPRI ILORIN
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Fruits Packing House at NSPRI ILORIN

30. Electric Fan Forced Dryer Solar Tray
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
NSPRI’s Improved dryers for clean dried products
Multipurpose Dryer
Electric Fan Forced Dryer
Solar Tray
Solar Tent
Hybrid Dryer
Electric Fan Forced Dryer

31. Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
NSPRI’s products
Tomato Paste Dried ground pepper Beans flour -for Akara, Moin-moin and Ekuru snacks that go well with pap and or bread meals, Gegiri soup for duff meals Maize and Sorghum Pap flour - for instant preparation for breakfast and refreshment Rice flour – for instant duff meal with vegetable soup, fish and meat Poundo-yam flour – for instant duff meal with vegetable soup, fish and meat complements Dried packaged periwinkle as complement in soups

32. HACCP Plan & Implementation
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
These products of value addition - by pre-drying preparation of the crops, drying, milling into flour and packaging (in labeled sealed polyethylene bags in cartons) and stacking on pallets for storage in improved warehouse prior to distribution to the markets.
The processing for the products are done with consideration for sanitation and hygiene of environment, processing equipment and processing personnel, Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point Plan and Implementation according to standard and regulation for safety assurance that prevent rather than hope to control hazards (biological, chemical and or physical)

33. Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Agricultural crops and products stakeholders in Nigeria (farmers, processors and traders)
peasant
poor
Illiterate
sensitization,
training,
Mobilization
Support
Assistance
Improved post harvest practices in the value chain

34. Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Conclusion
In this wise, KADCCIMA has continued to do well in cooperation with development institutions and other stakeholders in Nigeria’s Agricultural crops management / technology and value chain financing enlightenment, sensitization, training and linkage for development by this workshop / exhibition event.

35. Thank you all for your attention
Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention
Thank you all for your attention