1. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 1 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Choosing the Right Location and Layout

2. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 2 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Choosing a Location The right region of the country The right region of the country The right state in the region The right state in the region The right city in the state The right city in the state The right site in the city The right site in the city

3. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 3 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Choosing the Region: Sources of Information Census data Census data World Wide Web World Wide Web http://www.census.gov/ http://www.census.gov/ http://www.census.gov/ http://factfinder.census.gov http://factfinder.census.gov http://factfinder.census.gov STAT-USA http://www.statusa.gov STAT-USA http://www.statusa.gov http://www.statusa.gov

4. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 4 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Choosing the Region: Sources of Information Demographics USA Demographics USA Lifestyle Market Analyst Lifestyle Market Analyst Survey of Buying Power Survey of Buying Power Editor and Publisher Market Guide Editor and Publisher Market Guide Rand McNally's Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide Rand McNally's Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide Zip Code Atlas and Market Planner Zip Code Atlas and Market Planner

5. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 5 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Choosing the Region: Sources of Information The American Marketplace: Demographics and Spending Patterns The American Marketplace: Demographics and Spending Patterns Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide Zip Code Atlas Zip Code Atlas Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Geographic Information Systems (GIS) U.S. Census Department’s TIGER U.S. Census Department’s TIGER

6. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 6 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Computerized programs combining map-drawing with database management capability. Computerized programs combining map-drawing with database management capability. Search through virtually any database and then plot the results on a map. Search through virtually any database and then plot the results on a map. Visual display reveals otherwise hidden trends. Visual display reveals otherwise hidden trends.

7. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 7 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Choosing the State Proximity to markets Proximity to markets Proximity to needed raw materials Proximity to needed raw materials Wage rates Wage rates Labor supply needs Labor supply needs Business climate Business climate Tax rates Tax rates Internet access Internet access

8. State Evaluation Matrix State Weighted Score (Weight x Score ) Location CriterionWeight Score (Low = 1, High = 5)State 1State 2State 3 Quality of labor force Wage rates Union activity Property/building costs Utility costs Transportation costs Tax burden Educational/training assistance Start-up incentives Raw material availability Quality of life Other: Other Total Score

9. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 9 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Choosing the City Population trends Population trends Competition Competition Clustering Clustering Compatibility with community Compatibility with community Local laws and regulations Local laws and regulations

10. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 10 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Transportation networks Transportation networks Police and fire protection Police and fire protection Cost of utilities and public services Cost of utilities and public services Quality of life Quality of life (Continued) Choosing the City

11. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 11 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Retail and Service Location Considerations Trade area – the region from which a business can expect to draw customers. Trade area – the region from which a business can expect to draw customers. Retail compatibility Retail compatibility Degree of competition Degree of competition Index of retail saturation (IRS) Index of retail saturation (IRS)

12. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 12 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Index of Retail Saturation C x RE C x RE RF RFwhere C = Number of customers in the trading area C = Number of customers in the trading area RE = Retail expenditures = the average expenditure per person for the product in the trading area RF = Retail facilities = the total square feet of selling space allocated to the product in the trading area IRS =

13. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 13 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Reilly’s Law of Retail Gravitation where: BP = Distance in miles from location A to the break point d = Distance in miles between locations A and B P a = Population surrounding location A P b = Population surrounding location B

14. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 14 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Retail and Service Location Considerations Trade area size Trade area size Retail compatibility Retail compatibility Degree of competition Degree of competition Index of retail saturation (IRS) Index of retail saturation (IRS) Transportation network Transportation network Physical, racial, or emotional barriers Physical, racial, or emotional barriers Political barriers Political barriers

15. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 15 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Retail and Service Location Considerations Trade area size Trade area size Customer traffic Customer traffic Adequate parking Adequate parking Reputation Reputation Room for expansion Room for expansion Visibility Visibility (Continued)

16. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 16 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Retail and Service Location Options Central Business Districts (CBDs) Central Business Districts (CBDs) Neighborhood locations Neighborhood locations Shopping centers and malls Shopping centers and malls Neighborhood shopping centers Neighborhood shopping centers Community shopping centers Community shopping centers Regional shopping centers Regional shopping centers Power centers Power centers

17. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 17 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Shopping Centers and Malls Neighborhood shopping centers Neighborhood shopping centers 3 to 12 Stores; anchor is supermarket or drugstore; serves up to 40,000 people 3 to 12 Stores; anchor is supermarket or drugstore; serves up to 40,000 people Community shopping centers Community shopping centers 12 to 50 stores; anchor is department or variety store; serves 40,000 to 150,000 people 12 to 50 stores; anchor is department or variety store; serves 40,000 to 150,000 people Power centers Power centers Combine drawing power of a mall with convenience of neighborhood shopping center; anchor stores typically occupy 80 percent of space. Combine drawing power of a mall with convenience of neighborhood shopping center; anchor stores typically occupy 80 percent of space.

18. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 18 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Shopping Centers and Malls Theme or festival centers Theme or festival centers Employ a unifying theme, often involving entertainment, to attract tourists Employ a unifying theme, often involving entertainment, to attract tourists Outlet centers Outlet centers Feature manufacturers’ and retailers’ outlet stores selling name-brand goods at discount prices; usually follows “open air” design Feature manufacturers’ and retailers’ outlet stores selling name-brand goods at discount prices; usually follows “open air” design Lifestyle centers Lifestyle centers Located near affluent residential neighborhoods; designed to look more like a central business district than a shopping center or mall Located near affluent residential neighborhoods; designed to look more like a central business district than a shopping center or mall

19. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 19 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Shopping Centers and Malls Regional shopping malls Regional shopping malls 50 to 100 stores; anchor is one or more major department stores; draws customers from a large trading area, often 5 to 15 miles or more in all directions 50 to 100 stores; anchor is one or more major department stores; draws customers from a large trading area, often 5 to 15 miles or more in all directions Super-regional shopping malls Super-regional shopping malls Similar to a regional mall but bigger; trading area is 25 miles or more in all directions. Similar to a regional mall but bigger; trading area is 25 miles or more in all directions. Examples Examples Mall of America (Bloomington, MN), largest mall in the U.S. Mall of America (Bloomington, MN), largest mall in the U.S. West Edmonton Mall (West Edmonton, Canada), largest mall in the world West Edmonton Mall (West Edmonton, Canada), largest mall in the world

21. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 21 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Retail and Service Location Options Near competitors Near competitors Outlying areas Outlying areas Home-based businesses Home-based businesses (continued)

22. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 22 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Manufacturing Locations Foreign trade zones Foreign trade zones

23. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 23 Chapter 14: Location & Layout How a Foreign Trade Zone (FTZ) Works Without FTZ Imported Parts and Materials Store Assemble Package Manufacture Process Mix With FTZ Duty Paid No Duty Paid U.S. Sales Exports U.S. Sales Exports Small Company No Duty Paid Duty Paid No Duty Paid

24. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 24 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Manufacturing Locations Foreign trade zones Foreign trade zones Empowerment zones Empowerment zones Business incubators Business incubators

25. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 25 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Business Incubators Organizations that combine low-cost, flexible rental space with a multitude of support services for their small business residents. Organizations that combine low-cost, flexible rental space with a multitude of support services for their small business residents. More than 1,000 in operation across the U.S., and a new one opening, on average, every week. More than 1,000 in operation across the U.S., and a new one opening, on average, every week. They work!! Firms that “graduate” from incubators have a success rate of 87 percent. They work!! Firms that “graduate” from incubators have a success rate of 87 percent. Average incubator houses 20 businesses employing 55 people. Average incubator houses 20 businesses employing 55 people.

26. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 26 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Layout Layout – the logical arrangement of the physical facilities of a business that contributes to efficient operations, increased productivity, and higher sales. Layout – the logical arrangement of the physical facilities of a business that contributes to efficient operations, increased productivity, and higher sales. Study: Look and feel of employees’ work spaces is third most important consideration (after salary and benefits) when deciding whether or not to accept or to quit a job. Study: Look and feel of employees’ work spaces is third most important consideration (after salary and benefits) when deciding whether or not to accept or to quit a job.

27. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 27 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Layout: External Factors Size must be adequate to accommodate business needs. Size must be adequate to accommodate business needs. Appearance must create the proper image or “personality” for the business in the customer’s eyes. Appearance must create the proper image or “personality” for the business in the customer’s eyes. Entrances must invite customers to come in. Entrances must invite customers to come in.

28. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 28 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Layout: External Factors Create effective window displays and change them often; they can be powerful sales tools. Create effective window displays and change them often; they can be powerful sales tools. Must comply with Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Must comply with Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Pay attention to the business sign, the most direct method of reaching potential customers. Pay attention to the business sign, the most direct method of reaching potential customers. (Continued)

29. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 29 Chapter 14: Location & Layout A Business Sign Tells potential customers who you are and what you’re selling. Tells potential customers who you are and what you’re selling. Must comply with local sign ordinances. Must comply with local sign ordinances. Should be visible, simple, and clear. Should be visible, simple, and clear. Should be changed periodically to avoid becoming part of the background. Should be changed periodically to avoid becoming part of the background. Should be legible both day and night. Should be legible both day and night. Must be maintained properly. Must be maintained properly.

30. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 30 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Building Interiors Ergonomics is an integral part of any design. Ergonomics is an integral part of any design. Proper layout and design pays off in higher productivity, efficiency, or sales. Proper layout and design pays off in higher productivity, efficiency, or sales. Proper lighting is measured by what is ideal for the job being done. Proper lighting is measured by what is ideal for the job being done. Use of natural light can increase retail sales. Use of natural light can increase retail sales. Careful selection of colors can create the desired impressions among customers and employees. Careful selection of colors can create the desired impressions among customers and employees. Appealing to all of the customer’s senses can boost sales. Appealing to all of the customer’s senses can boost sales.

31. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 31 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Three Retail Layout Patterns Grid Grid Rectangular with parallel aisles; formal; controls traffic flow; uses selling space efficiently. Rectangular with parallel aisles; formal; controls traffic flow; uses selling space efficiently. Supermarkets and self-service discount stores. Supermarkets and self-service discount stores.

32. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 32 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Free-Form Free-Form Free-flowing; informal; creates “friendly” environment; flexible. Free-flowing; informal; creates “friendly” environment; flexible. Small specialty shops. Small specialty shops. Three Retail Layout Patterns

33. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 33 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Boutique Boutique Divides store into a series of individual shopping areas, each with its own theme; unique shopping environment. Divides store into a series of individual shopping areas, each with its own theme; unique shopping environment. Small department stores. Small department stores. Three Retail Layout Patterns

34. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 34 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Layout Guidelines Know your customers buying habits and plan your layout accordingly. Know your customers buying habits and plan your layout accordingly. Display merchandise as attractively as your budget will allow. Display merchandise as attractively as your budget will allow. Display complementary items together. Display complementary items together. Recognize the value of floor space; never waste valuable selling space with nonselling functions. Recognize the value of floor space; never waste valuable selling space with nonselling functions.

35. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 35 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Factors to Consider in Manufacturing Layouts Type of product Type of product Type of production process Type of production process Ergonomic considerations Ergonomic considerations Economic considerations Economic considerations Space availability within the facility Space availability within the facility

36. Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall Publishing Company 36 Chapter 14: Location & Layout Manufacturing Layouts Product layout Product layout Process layout Process layout Fixed position layout Fixed position layout Functional layout Functional layout