1. Chapter 52 Reading Quiz
A group of individuals of the same species hanging out in the same area at the same time is called a ____.
A bunch of nesting penguins would exhibit which pattern of dispersion?
Describe under what condition “zero population growth” occurs.
The maximum population that a particular environment can sustain is called ______.
The world population increases by about how many people per year?

3. 1. What is a population? Distinguish between density and dispersion.
Population  individuals of one species simultaneously occupying the same general area, utilizing the same resources, and influenced by similar environmental factors
Density  the number of individuals per unit area or volume
Dispersion  the pattern of spacing among individuals within the geographical boundaries of the population 

5. 2. How do scientists measure density?
May count all the individuals in a sample of representative plots; estimates become more accurate as sample plots increase in size or number
May estimate by indirect indicators such as number of nests or burrows, or by droppings or tracks
May use the mark-recapture method 

6. 3. Describe the various patterns of dispersion.
Clumped pattern  “patchy” groupings of organisms
Uniform pattern  spacing of individuals is even
Random pattern  spacing of animals varies in an unpredictable way
- very uncommon in nature 

8. 4. What is demography? Why is it important to study the age structure and sex ratio of a population?
Demography  the study of the vital statistics affecting population size
Age structure  relative numbers of individuals of each age in a population
Sex ratio  the proportion of individuals of each sex found in a population 

10. 5. Overview the various survivorship curves, and list examples.
Type I curve  flat during early and middle life and drop suddenly as death rates increase among the older individuals
Type II curve  intermediate with mortality being more constant over the life span
Type III curve  show very high death rates for the young followed by lower death rates after individuals have survived to a certain critical age 

12. 6. Overview how life histories are diverse yet exhibit patterns.
Life history  an organism’s schedule of reproduction and death
- life histories often vary in parallel with environmental factors
- tropical birds lay fewer eggs than those in higher latitudes, which reflects the number of offspring that can successfully be fed (parent birds can gather more food) 

14. 7. Describe the concept of a trade-off between reproduction and survival. What does this have to do with offspring produced, number of matings, and age of maturation?
Relates to the principle of allocation
Episodes of reproduction 
- semelparity: invest most in growth & development, then reproduce before dying
- iteroparity: fewer offspring produced over many seasons
# of offspring per episode
Maturation age  balances the cost between current reproduction and survival plus future reproduction 

15. 8. Describe the conditions for the exponential model of population growth.
Describes an idealized population in an unlimited environment
Birth rates must be higher than death rates
Produces a J-shaped curve 

17. 9. Describe the concept of “carrying capacity” and logistic population growth. How does this model fit with real populations?
The “carrying capacity” of a habitat is the maximum stable population size that the particular environment can support over a relatively long time period
A “logistic population growth” model assumes the rate of population growth (r) slows as the population size reaches the carrying capacity of the environment
Some assumptions do not hold true for all populations 
Ex: Populations approach carrying capacity smoothly 

19. 10. Differentiate between K-selected populations and r-selected populations.
K – selected  “equilibrium populations”
- live at a density near the limits of their resources
r – selected  “opportunistic populations”
- more likely to be found in variable environments where population densities fluctuate or in open or disturbed habitats where individuals have little competition 

21. 11. Describe how density-dependent factors regulate population growth.
A density-dependent factor intensifies as the population size increases, affecting each individual more strongly
Seen in intraspecific competition, where two or more individuals of the same species rely on the same resource
Ex: disease, competition 

23. 12. Describe the effects of density-independent factors on population size.
Density-independent factors are unrelated to population size and affect the same percentage of individuals regardless of the size of the population
Ex: weather, climate, natural disasters 

24. 13. How are most populations in nature regulated?
A mix of density-dependent and density-independent factors probably limits the growth of most populations
Many populations remain fairly stable in size, close to the carrying capacity determined by the density-dependent factors
Show short-term fluctuations due to the density-independent factors 

25. 14. Describe how some populations have regular boom and bust cycles.
Lemmings have a 3 – 5 year cycle
Snowshoe hares have a 9 – 11 year cycle
Crowding may regulate cyclical population by affecting the organisms endocrine systems (stress due to high density)
May result from a time lag in response to density-dependent factors, causing the population to overshoot and undershoot the carrying capacity
Cicadas have a 13 – 17 year cycle, probably an adaptation to reduce predation 

27. 15. Overview the history of human population growth.
The human population has been growing exponentially for centuries (since 1650) but will not be able to forever
The advent of agriculture 10,000 years ago increased birth rates and decreased death rates
Better sanitation and nutrition since Industrial revolution
Scientists can not agree on what the carrying capacity of humans on earth might be…hopefully it will be a smooth leveling out once we get there 