1. Period 2:
Europeans and American Indians maneuvered and fought for dominance, control, and security in North America, and distinctive colonial and native societies emerged.

2. Big Picture
Do you know them?

3. 2.1
Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization. What comes to mind?

4. 2.1
Start with “Differences in imperial goals…” What does imperial goal even mean? What are some examples?

5. 2.1
“Differences in cultures…” What are we talking about here? Start with whom?
Portuguese
Spanish
French
English
Dutch

6. Now what cultural differences?
Political forms in the colonies and traditions held by colonists
Religion: Catholicism, Anglicanism, Puritans, Separatists, Quakers…
What we’re doing here is establishing cultural context. It will help explain why political, religions, and social practices varied.
Gender roles::
Machismo, patriarchy, other things that will relate to family life in general.
And any other distinctions such as language , fashions, and other customs.

7. What to do in these environs?
Canada, Northeast Woodlands: Especially French and English, limited Dutch
New England,
primarily English…
Fur trapping, lumber, not much for farming…
What we’re doing here is establishing geographical context.
Smaller-scale farms, grains, village life
Middle and southern colonies, primarily English.
West Indies, Mesoamerica, South America: Spain and Portugal especially; some French, English, and Dutch.
Rural; large farms, even plantations: grains, tobacco
Plantations, Sugar and spice, and all things nice…

8. So what’s in 2.1? Competing models of colonization
Spain v. France v. English v. Dutch
Purpose (Imperial goals)
Indian relations
Racial attitudes
Demographics, culture, society
Location/environment
Try to imagine how purpose relates to these!

9. So your notes will include
Spain’s colonial purposes, Indian relations, racial attitudes, demography, culture, society, and the role of location/environment France’s colonial purposes, Indian relations, racial attitudes, demography, culture, society, and the role of location/environment England’s colonial purposes, Indian relations, racial attitudes, demography, culture, society, and the role of location/environment The Netherlands’s colonial purposes, Indian relations, racial attitudes, demography, culture, society, and the role of location/environment

10. Spain Purpose Specifics Assessment Make money Enhance prestige
Missionary
Precious metals; plantations; slavery
Be stronger than England, France, Netherlands
Spread Christianity throughout the Americas
Specifics
Gold, silver, sugar, encomienda; African slavery
Nationalism, mercantilism (control of natural resources)
Bartolome de las Casas, Juan de Sepulveda
Assessment
Success? Short-term? Long-term? Problems?
Ok, so how? Why? What came of it? How does it compare to the others?
Next level: How? Why? Who cares?
Next level: What specifics reinforce your understanding?
Next level: Sum it up. What can we really say about Spain’s colonial purposes and to what degree did the Spanish succeed?

11. 2.2
European colonization efforts in North America stimulated intercultural contact and intensified conflict between the various groups of colonizers and native peoples. What comes to mind?

12. 2.3
The increasing political, economic, and cultural exchanges within the “Atlantic World” had a profound impact on the development of colonial societies in North America. What comes to mind?

13. And now deeper…
2.1.I 2.1.II 2.1.III

14. 2.1.I
Seventeenth-century Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers embraced different social and economic goals, cultural assumptions, and folkways, resulting in varied models of colonization. Notice how the scaffolding is set up?

15. Look again
2.1: Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization. 2.1.I: Seventeenth-century Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers embraced different social and economic goals, cultural assumptions, and folkways, resulting in varied models of colonization.
In other words, the Spanish, French, Dutch, and British had shared some objectives but differed significantly based upon…

16. 2.1.I.A
Spain sought to establish tight control over the process of colonization in the Western Hemisphere and to convert and/or exploit the native population. Social goals? Economic goals? Cultural assumptions and folkways? What model of colonization did Spain follow, and how did the above contribute to this?

17. 2.1.I.A Scaffolding
2.1: Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.
2.1.I: Seventeenth-century Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers embraced different social and economic goals, cultural assumptions, and folkways, resulting in varied models of colonization.
2.1.I.A: Spain sought to establish tight control over the process of colonization in the Western Hemisphere and to convert and/or exploit the native population.

18. 2.1.I and 2.1.I.B
Seventeenth-century Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers embraced different social and economic goals, cultural assumptions, and folkways, resulting in varied models of colonization. French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and used trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire furs and other products for export to Europe.

19. 2.1.I and 2.1.I.C
Seventeenth-century Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers embraced different social and economic goals, cultural assumptions, and folkways, resulting in varied models of colonization. Unlike their European competitors, the English eventually sought to establish colonies based on agriculture, sending relatively large numbers of men and women to acquire land and populate their settlements, while having relatively hostile relationships with American Indians.

20. And Now You Get It
So from the broad European goals and patterns (2.1) To the broad but more specific Spanish, French, Dutch and British goals and models (2.1.I) To the specifics for each: Spanish (2.1.I.A), French and Dutch (2.1.I.B), and the British (2.1.I.C)

21. So Do It…
*Click* on the next slide

22. So… 2.1.II
The British-American system of slavery developed out of the economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the British-controlled regions of the New World.
*See what you’re looking for? Anything specifically related to this or that adds important context is important. Include brief illustrative examples as connections.

23. 2.1.II.A
Unlike Spanish, French, and Dutch colonies, which accepted intermarriage and cross-racial sexual unions with native peoples (and, in Spain’s case, with enslaved Africans), English colonies attracted both males and females who rarely intermarried with either native peoples or Africans, leading to the development of a rigid racial hierarchy.
This establishes an important difference. It tells you what the difference is. Now you need to learn/reason why?—and assess the results/consequences. Include any illustrative examples as connections.
But generally, consider: There were many more English women in the colonies, so English men did not have to intermarry with Indians or Africans. This means Indians have no real function for them, and Africans are simply slaves for exploitation. Remember, for the Spanish, French, and Dutch (especially the latter two), they either had to intermarry or remain celibate. And that’s all have to say about that.

24. 2.1.II.B
The abundance of land, a shortage of indentured servants, the lack of an effective means to enslave native peoples, and the growing European demand for colonial goods led to the emergence of the Atlantic slave trade.
This establishes economic context. When we combine that with cultural attitudes, we can understand not just what happened but why.
Lots of land for growing labor-intensive cash crops + not enough workers = either slavery or a missed economic activity. Can you see why they turned to slavery? (I mean, if they were pretty much racist to begin with?)

25. 2.1.II.C
Reinforced by a strong belief in British racial and cultural superiority, the British system enslaved Black people in perpetuity, altered African gender and kinship relationships in the colonies, and was one factor that led the British colonists into violent confrontation with native peoples.

26. 2.1.II.D
Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery.
Rebellion
Sabotage
Escape

27. 2.1.III
Along with other factors, environmental and geographical variations, including climate and natural resources, contributed to regional differences in what would become the British colonies.

28. 2.1.III.A
The New England colonies, founded primarily by Puritans seeking to establish a community of like-minded religious believers, developed a close-knit, homogeneous society and—aided by favorable environmental conditions—a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.

29. 2.1.III.B
The demographically, religiously, and ethnically diverse middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops, while the Chesapeake colonies and North Carolina relied on the cultivation of tobacco, a labor-intensive product based on white indentured servants and African chattel.

30. 2.1.III.C
The colonies along the southernmost Atlantic coast and the British Islands in the West Indies took advantage of long growing seasons by using slave labor to develop economies based on staple crops; in some cases enslaved Africans constituted the majority of the population.

31. 2.2
European colonization efforts in North America stimulated intercultural contact and intensified conflict between the various groups of colonizers and native peoples.

32. 2.2.I
Competition over resources between European rivals led to conflict within and between North American colonial possessions and American Indians.

33. 2.2.1.A
Conflicts in Europe spread to North America as French, Dutch, British and Spanish colonies allied, traded with, and Armed American Indian groups, leading to continuing political instability.

34. 2.2.I.B
As European nations competed in North America, their colonies focused on gaining new sources of labor and on producing and acquiring commodities that were valued in Europe.

35. 2.2.I.C
The goals and interests of European leaders at times diverged from those of colonial citizens, leading to growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic, as settlers, especially in the English colonies, expressed dissatisfaction over territorial settlements, frontier defense, and other issues. [Really? “other issues”?]…

36. 2.2.II
Clashes between European and American Indian social and economic values caused changes in both cultures.

37. 2.2.II.A
Continuing contact with Europeans increased the flow of trade goods and diseases into and out of native communities, stimulating cultural and demographic changes.

38. 2.2.II.B
Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, saw an accommodation with some aspects of American Indian culture; by contrast, conflict with American Indians tended to reinforce English colonists’ worldviews on land and gender roles.

39. 2.2.II.C
By supplying American Indian allies with deadlier weapons and alcohol and by rewarding Indian military actions, Europeans helped increase the intensity and destructiveness of American Indian warfare.

40. 2.3
The increasing political, economic, and cultural exchanges within the “Atlantic World” had a profound impact on the development of colonial societies in North America.

41. 2.3.I
“Atlantic World” commercial, religious, philosophical, and political interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American native peoples stimulated economic growth, expanded social networks, and reshaped labor systems.

42. 2.3.II
Britain’s desire to maintain a viable North American empire in the face of growing internal challenges and external competition inspired efforts to strengthen its imperial control, stimulating increasing resistance from colonists who had grown accustomed to a large measure of autonomy.

43. 2.3.II.A
As regional distinctiveness among the British colonies diminished over time, they developed largely similar patterns of culture, laws, institutions, and governance within the context of the British imperial system.

44. 2.3.II.B
Late 17th Century efforts to integrate Britain’s colonies into a coherent, hierarchical imperial structure and pursue mercantilist economic aims met with scant success due largely to varied forms of colonial resistance and conflicts with American Indian groups, and were followed by nearly a half-century of the British government’s relative indifference to colonial governance.

45. 2.3.II.C
Resistance to imperial control in the British colonies drew on colonial experiences of self-government, evolving local ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system.