1. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Volume I Companion Presentation Frank R. Miele Pegasus Lectures, Inc. Ultrasound Physics & Instrumentation 4 th Edition

2. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 License Agreement This presentation is the sole property of Pegasus Lectures, Inc. No part of this presentation may be copied or used for any purpose other than as part of the partnership program as described in the license agreement. Materials within this presentation may not be used in any part or form outside of the partnership program. Failure to follow the license agreement is a violation of Federal Copyright Law. All Copyright Laws Apply.

3. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Volume I Outline  Chapter 1: Mathematics  Level 1  Level 2  Chapter 2: Waves  Chapter 3: Attenuation  Chapter 4: Pulsed Wave  Chapter 5: Transducers  Chapter 6: System Operation

4. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Mathematics: Level 1

5. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Why Mathematics Matter Mathematics is the engine which drives physics. Without understanding math:  Physics becomes pure memorization  Memorization is painful, boring, and not real knowledge  Without physics knowledge, you will not understand ultrasound  If you do not understand ultrasound well, your career is not as enjoyable  Your patients do not get the best care they should receive

6. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 What is Mathematics? Mathematics is a collection of disciplines. Most people incorrectly think of math as manipulation of numbers, or arithmetic. Math is really a set of reasoning skills and tools which include:  Numerical manipulation  Equations and relationships  Measurements  Angular effects  Logic and reasoning

7. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Fractions and Percentages You should be able to write any fraction in decimal form and vice versa. Similarly, you should be able to convert any fraction into a percentage and vice versa.  1/2 = 0.5 = 50%  1/3 = 0.33 = 33%  1/5 = 0.2 = 20%  1/50 = 0.02 = 2%  14/100 = 0.14 = 14%  28/200 = 14/100 = 0.14 = 14%

8. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Reciprocals When reciprocals are multiplied the product is 1.  The reciprocal of 7 is 1/7  7 x 1/7 = 1  The reciprocal of 2,013 is 1/2,013  The reciprocal of 1/7 is 7  The reciprocal of seconds is 1/seconds  The reciprocal of 1/seconds is seconds  The reciprocal of 1 MHz is 1/(1 MHz)  The reciprocal of x is 1/x

9. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Variables A letter (abbreviation) which represents a physical quantity. How much money do you spend on video games if each video game costs $12.00? Let M = money spent on video games Let N = number of video games purchased Equation: M = $12.00 N

10. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Number Raised to a Power Raising a number to a power is a shorthand notation for multiplication. In the expression X A, X is called the base and A is called the exponent. When the exponent is positive, the exponent tells you how many times the base is used as a factor.  2 3 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8  2 5 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 32  5 2 = 5 x 5 = 25  5 5 = 5 x 5 x 5 x 5 x 5 = 3,125  (1/2) 3 = 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8

11. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Numbers to a Negative Power A negative exponent tells how many times to use the reciprocal of the base as a factor.  2 -3 = 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8  2 -5 = 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/32  5 -2 = 1/5 x 1/5 = 1/25  5 -5 = 1/5 x 1/5 x 1/5 x 1/5 x 1/5 = 1/3,125  (1/2) -3 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8

12. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Exponential Notation Using powers of 10 to simplify large and small numbers  4,600,000,000 = 4.6 x 10 9  0.0000063 = 6.3 x 10 -6  7,100 = 7.1 x 10 3  0.00000000047 = 0.47 x 10 -9

13. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Metric Abbreviations Think about how much easier the metric system is than the English system; all you have to do is move the decimal point by the number of places specified by the exponent. G= 10 9 1,000,000,000 M= 10 6 1,000,000 k= 10 3 1,000 h= 10 2 100 da= 10 1 10 d= 10 -1 0.1 c= 10 -2 0.01 m= 10 -3 0.001  = 10 -6 0.000001 n= 10 -9 0.000000001

14. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Direct Relationships Fig. 1: Linear Proportional Relationship (Pg 30) This is a graph of the equation y = 3x. Notice that as x increases, y also increases. This type of relationship in which both variables change in the same direction is called a direct (proportional) relationship

15. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Proportionality Proportionality is a relationship between variables in which one variable increases, the other variable also increases. The symbol for proportionality is  y  x  if x increases, y increases

16. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Linear Proportionality A proportional relationship between variables, in which, if one variable increases by x %, the other variable also increases by x %. y = x x y 1345 2 3 4 5 2 1 Increase by factor of 2

17. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Inverse Proportionality Inverse proportionality is a relationship between variables in which if one variable increases, the other variable decreases. For inverse proportionality we still use the same symbol (  ) but write the related variable in its reciprocal form. For example, to state y is inversely proportional to x we would write: y  1/x

18. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Inverse Relationships Fig. 2: Inverse Proportional Relationship (Pg 31) This is a graph of an inverse relationship. Notice that as x increases, y decreases.

19. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Distance Equation (General) By multiplying a velocity (rate) by time, the distance is calculated. This equation is well known to most people since it is commonly employed to determine how long it will take to drive between two locations.

20. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Distance Equation (Sound in the Body) The speed of sound in the body is much faster than we can drive a car. (1540 m/sec is approximately 1 miles per second.) As a result, the time to travel distances on the order of cm’s in the body will be much less than 1 second.

21. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Distance Equation We will begin by calculating the time it takes for sound to travel 1 cm in the body (assuming a propagation velocity of 1540 m/sec). Since we want to solve for time, we must rewrite the equation in the form time = distance/rate. So it takes 6.5  sec to travel 1 cm or: 13  sec to image a structure at 1 cm because of the roundtrip effect.

22. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Distance Equation (Scaling for Depth) Since the travel time is linearly proportional to the distance, we can calculate the time to travel 1 cm and then scale the answer by the actual travel distance. Examples: Since it takes 6.5  sec to travel 1 cm, it takes 65  sec to travel 10 cm. Since it takes 13  sec to image a structure at 1 cm, it takes 130  sec to image a structure at 10 cm.

23. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Distance Equation TimeDistanceImaging Depth 6.5  sec 1 cm0.5 cm 13  sec 2 cm1 cm 26  sec 4 cm2 cm 39  sec 6 cm3 cm 52  sec 8 cm4 cm 65  sec 10 cm5 cm 78  sec 12 cm6 cm 91  sec 14 cm7 cm 104  sec 16 cm8 cm 117  sec 18 cm9 cm 130  sec 20 cm10 cm 0 cm 1 cm 6.5  sec

24. Pegasus Lectures, Inc. COPYRIGHT 2006 Time of Flight in the Body Fig. 3: Imaging 1 cm Requires 13  sec (Pg 39)

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