1. What are Vertebrates and Invertebrates?
Chapter 6 Lesson 2
What are Vertebrates and Invertebrates?

2. Vocabulary Preview Vertebrate: an animal with a backbone
Invertebrate: an animal without a backbone

3. Animals With A Backbone
What do a giraffe and snake have in common?
How are they different
At first, you might think there is nothing at all.
However, both of these animals have a backbone.
Snakes: cold-blooded, scales, lay eggs
Giraffes: warm-blooded, fur, give birth to live young

4. Vertebrates
A giraffe has seven vertebrae in its neck. That’s as many as a human has. A giraffe’s neck is long because each of the vertebrae is large.
Some snakes have as many as 300 vertebrae.

5. Animals With A Backbone
Scientists divide the animal kingdom into 2 large groups, based on a backbone.
An animal with a backbone: vertebrate
Scientists classify vertebrates into at least five phyla.
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fish

6. Animals With a Backbone
Mammals: have hair/produce milk for babies
Birds: have feathers/keeps them warm/helps them fly
Reptiles: have scaly skin/lay eggs on land
Amphibians: begin life in water/but when adults live on land
Fish: have scales/life whole life in water

7. Fish have gills that absorb oxygen absorbed water.
Amphibians live on land, but return to water to lay eggs. Frogs and toads are amphibians.
Like most mammals, this agouti has hair.
Reptiles have scaly skin. Amphibians don’t.
All birds have feathers, but not all birds can fly. This bird fluffs its feathers to stay warm.

8. Animals Without A Backbone
Vertebrates are the animals most familiar to us, but they are the smallest part of the animal kingdom.
Most species of animals are invertebrates.
An invertebrate is an animal without a backbone.

9. What does this graph tell you about how common vertebrates are?  
About three-fourths of all invertebrate species, including bees, are arthropods.
The jellyfish is an invertebrate. How are invertebrates different from vertebrates?

10. Animals Without A Backbone
The simplest phyla of invertebrates include: sponges-the living kind, jellyfish, anemones, and coral (live in oceans).
Simple invertebrates including phyla of worms, live on land too.
Roundworms: plentiful in soil, can’t tell head from tail
Earthworms: have a head end and tail end/ bodies are divided into parts that look like rings

11. Animals Without A Backbone
A more complex invertebrate phylum is the mollusks.
Mollusks include: soft-bodied animals such as the octopus and the squid.
Octopods are smart: they remember things, solve problems, vision is as good as humans.
Some mollusks have shells.
Example: snails, clams, oysters
The largest invertebrate –the giant squid-which is a mollusk.

12. Animals Without A Backbone
Sea stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins belong to a phylum of invertebrates called: echinoderms.
They have different shapes and body parts in multiples of five.
They have hard spines.

13. Animals Without A Backbone
The largest phylum of invertebrates is the arthropods.
Arthropods have jointed legs and two or more body segments. (parts)
The joints/segments let them move freely.
All Arthropods have skeletons (on the outside of their body).
It is not made by bone, but made by the skin.
To grow, an arthropod must shed its skin.
Scientists classify arthropods into many classes: if you eat seafood you know one- crustaceans
Many crustaceans have claws and an antenna: lobsters, crab, and shrimp.

14. Animals Without A Backbone
The largest class of arthropods is insects.
Adult insects-such as beetles, mosquitoes, butterflies, roaches, and bees have 6 legs.
They have three body segments: head, thorax, and abdomen.
The legs/wings are in pairs on the thorax.

15. Animals Without A Backbone
Spiders are arthropods, but aren’t insects.
They are arachnids.
Most arachnids have eight legs.
This class includes: ticks, mites, and scorpions.

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17. Structure and Function
When classifying living organisms, scientist look at structure and function.
Structure: form of a body part.
Function: what a structure does.
Example: A wing is a structure. It’s function is to fly.

18. Structure and Function
Living organisms that aren’t closely related sometimes have body parts that perform the same function.
However, the structures are different.
Example: Grasshoppers and frogs both jump by using hind legs. Their legs are not constructed the same way. Because function can be misleading, scientists rely on structure when classifying.

20. Structure and Function
Bird beaks are a perfect example of this.
Look at the birds:
All four have beaks that are specialized for the types of food they eat. Scientists have to look at structure for classifying each.
Hummingbird: long thin beaks for nectar
Toucan: large powerful beak for opening nuts
Hawks: eat live prey, like mice (designed for tearing).
Herons: are water birds, pointed beaks allow them to catch fish and other prey underwater.