1. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 1 Chapter 14 Options Options on common stocks Options on common stocks Why options Why options Option “Moneyness” Option “Moneyness” Option payoffs and profits Option payoffs and profits Option strategies Option strategies Option prices, intrinsic values and arbitrage Option prices, intrinsic values and arbitrage Employee stock options Employee stock options Put-call parity Put-call parity Stock index options Stock index options Foreign currency options Foreign currency options Warrants Warrants The Canadian Derivatives Clearing Corporation The Canadian Derivatives Clearing Corporation

2. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 2 Stock Options In this chapter, we will discuss general features of options, but will focus on options on individual common stocks. In this chapter, we will discuss general features of options, but will focus on options on individual common stocks. We will see the tremendous flexibility that options offer investors in designing investment strategies. We will see the tremendous flexibility that options offer investors in designing investment strategies.

3. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 3 Option Basics A stock option is a derivative security, because the value of the option is “derived” from the value of the underlying common stock. A stock option is a derivative security, because the value of the option is “derived” from the value of the underlying common stock. There are two basic option types. There are two basic option types. are options to the underlying asset. Call options are options to buy the underlying asset. are options to an underlying asset. Put options are options to sell an underlying asset. Listed Option contracts are standardized to facilitate trading and price reporting. Listed Option contracts are standardized to facilitate trading and price reporting. Listed stock options give the option holder the right to buy or sell 100 shares of stock. Listed stock options give the option holder the right to buy or sell 100 shares of stock.

4. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 4 Option Basics Option contracts are legal agreements between two parties— the buyer of the option, and the seller of the option. Option contracts are legal agreements between two parties— the buyer of the option, and the seller of the option. The minimum terms stipulated by stock option contracts are: The minimum terms stipulated by stock option contracts are: The identity of the underlying stock. The identity of the underlying stock. The strike price, or exercise price. The strike price, or exercise price. The option contract size. The option contract size. The option expiration date, or option maturity. The option expiration date, or option maturity. The option exercise style (American or European). The option exercise style (American or European). The delivery, or settlement, procedure. The delivery, or settlement, procedure. Stock options trade at organized options exchanges, such as the CBOE, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) options markets. Stock options trade at organized options exchanges, such as the CBOE, as well as over-the-counter (OTC) options markets.

5. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 5 Option Price Quotes A list of available option contracts and their prices for a particular security is known as an option chain. A list of available option contracts and their prices for a particular security is known as an option chain. Option chains are available online through many sources, including the Montreal exchange (http://www.m-x.ca), CBOE (http://quote.cboe.com) and Yahoo! (http://finance.yahoo.com). Option chains are available online through many sources, including the Montreal exchange (http://www.m-x.ca), CBOE (http://quote.cboe.com) and Yahoo! (http://finance.yahoo.com).http://www.m-x.cahttp://quote.cboe.comhttp://finance.yahoo.comhttp://www.m-x.cahttp://quote.cboe.comhttp://finance.yahoo.com Stock option ticker symbols include: Stock option ticker symbols include: Letters to identify the underlying stock. Letters to identify the underlying stock. A Letter to identify the expiration month as well as whether the option is a call or a put. A Letter to identify the expiration month as well as whether the option is a call or a put. A Letter to identify the strike price (a bit more complicated—see Yahoo or Stock-Trak for tables to explain this letter.) A Letter to identify the strike price (a bit more complicated—see Yahoo or Stock-Trak for tables to explain this letter.)

6. 14- 6 Listed Option Quotes on the Web

7. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 7 Why Options? A basic question asked by investors is: “Why buy stock options instead of shares in the underlying stock?” A basic question asked by investors is: “Why buy stock options instead of shares in the underlying stock?” To answer this question, we compare the possible outcomes from these two investment strategies: To answer this question, we compare the possible outcomes from these two investment strategies: Buy the underlying stock Buy the underlying stock Buy options on the underlying stock Buy options on the underlying stock

8. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 8 Buying the Stock versus Buying a Call Option IBM is selling for $90 per share and call options with a strike price of $90 are $5 per share. IBM is selling for $90 per share and call options with a strike price of $90 are $5 per share. Investment for 100 shares: Investment for 100 shares: IBM Shares: $9,000 IBM Shares: $9,000 One listed call option contract: ($500) One listed call option contract: ($500) Suppose further that the option expires in three months.Finally, let’s say that in three months, the price of IBM shares will either be: $100, $90, or $80. Suppose further that the option expires in three months.Finally, let’s say that in three months, the price of IBM shares will either be: $100, $90, or $80.

9. 14- 9 Buying the Underlying Stock versus Buying a Call Option Let’s calculate the dollar and percentage return given each of the prices for IBM stock: Let’s calculate the dollar and percentage return given each of the prices for IBM stock: Buy 100 IBM Shares ($9000 Investment): Buy One Call Option ($500 Investment): Dollar Profit: Percentage Return: Dollar Profit: Percentage Return: Case I: $100 $1,00011.11%$500100% Case II: $90 $00%-$500-100% Case III: $80 -$1,000-11.11%-$500-100%

10. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 10 Why Options? Conclusion Whether one strategy is preferred over another is a matter for each individual investor to decide. Whether one strategy is preferred over another is a matter for each individual investor to decide. That is, in some instances investing in the underlying stock will be better. In other instances, investing in the option will be better. That is, in some instances investing in the underlying stock will be better. In other instances, investing in the option will be better. Each investor must weight the risk and return trade-off offered by the strategies. Each investor must weight the risk and return trade-off offered by the strategies. It is important to see that call options offer an alternative means of formulating investment strategies. It is important to see that call options offer an alternative means of formulating investment strategies. For 100 shares, the dollar gain and loss potential with call options is lower. For 100 shares, the dollar gain and loss potential with call options is lower. The positive and negative percentage return with call options is higher. The positive and negative percentage return with call options is higher.

11. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 11 Option “Moneyness” “In-the-money” option: An option that would yield a positive payoff if exercised “In-the-money” option: An option that would yield a positive payoff if exercised “Out-of-the-money” option: An option that would NOT yield a positive payoff if exercised “Out-of-the-money” option: An option that would NOT yield a positive payoff if exercised Use the relationship between S (the stock price) and K (the strike price): Use the relationship between S (the stock price) and K (the strike price): Note for a given strike price, only the call or the put can be “in-the- money.” Note for a given strike price, only the call or the put can be “in-the- money.” In-the- Money Out-of-the- Money Call Option S > K S ≤ K Put Option S < K S ≥ K

12. 14- 12 Option Writing The act of selling an option is referred to as option writing. The seller of an option contract is called the writer. The act of selling an option is referred to as option writing. The seller of an option contract is called the writer. The Writer of a call option contract is obligated to sell the underlying asset to the call option holder. The Writer of a call option contract is obligated to sell the underlying asset to the call option holder. The call option holder has the right to exercise the call option (i.e., buy the underlying asset at the strike price). The call option holder has the right to exercise the call option (i.e., buy the underlying asset at the strike price). The Writer of a put option contract is obligated to buy the underlying asset from the put option holder. The Writer of a put option contract is obligated to buy the underlying asset from the put option holder. The put option holder has the right to exercise the put option (i.e., sell the underlying asset at the strike price). The put option holder has the right to exercise the put option (i.e., sell the underlying asset at the strike price). Because option writing obligates the option writer, the writer receives the price of the option today from the buyer. Because option writing obligates the option writer, the writer receives the price of the option today from the buyer.

13. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 13 Option Exercise Option holders have the right to exercise their option. If this right is only available at the option expiration date, the option is said to have European-style exercise. If this right is only available at the option expiration date, the option is said to have European-style exercise. If this right is available at any time up to and including the option expiration date, the option is said to have American-Style exercise. If this right is available at any time up to and including the option expiration date, the option is said to have American-Style exercise. Exercise style is not linked to where the option trades. European-style and American-Style options trade in the U.S., as well as on other option exchanges throughout the world. Exercise style is not linked to where the option trades. European-style and American-Style options trade in the U.S., as well as on other option exchanges throughout the world. Very Important: Option holders also have the right to sell their option at any time. That is, they do not have to exercise the option if they no longer want it. Very Important: Option holders also have the right to sell their option at any time. That is, they do not have to exercise the option if they no longer want it.

14. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 14 Option Payoffs versus Option Profits It is useful to think about option investment strategies in terms of their initial cash flows and terminal cash flows. It is useful to think about option investment strategies in terms of their initial cash flows and terminal cash flows. The initial cash flow of an option is the price of the option which is often called the option premium. The initial cash flow of an option is the price of the option which is often called the option premium. The terminal cash flow of an option is the value of an option at expiration. (The terminal cash flow can be realized by the option holder by exercising the option.) The terminal cash flow of an option is the value of an option at expiration. (The terminal cash flow can be realized by the option holder by exercising the option.) The terminal cash flow is often called the option payoff. The terminal cash flow is often called the option payoff. Option Profits are calculated by subtracting the initial cash flow (option premium) from the terminal cash flow (option payoff). Option Profits are calculated by subtracting the initial cash flow (option premium) from the terminal cash flow (option payoff).

15. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 15 Call Option Payoffs

16. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 16 Put Option Payoffs

17. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 17 Call Option Profits

18. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 18 Put Option Profits

19. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 19 Option Strategies - Strategy of buying a put option on a stock already owned. This protects against a decline in value (i.e., it is "insurance") Protective put - Strategy of buying a put option on a stock already owned. This protects against a decline in value (i.e., it is "insurance") - Strategy of selling a call option on stock already owned. This exchanges “upside” potential for current income. Covered call - Strategy of selling a call option on stock already owned. This exchanges “upside” potential for current income. - Buying or selling a call and a put with the same exercise price. Buying is a long straddle; selling is a short straddle. Straddle - Buying or selling a call and a put with the same exercise price. Buying is a long straddle; selling is a short straddle. There are many option trading strategies available to option traders. For ideas on option trading strategies, see: There are many option trading strategies available to option traders. For ideas on option trading strategies, see:  www.commodityworld.com www.commodityworld.com  www.writecall.com www.writecall.com

20. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 20 Arbitrage Arbitrage: Arbitrage: No possibility of a loss No possibility of a loss A potential for a gain A potential for a gain No cash outlay No cash outlay In finance, arbitrage is not allowed to persist. In finance, arbitrage is not allowed to persist. “Absence of Arbitrage” = “No Free Lunch” “Absence of Arbitrage” = “No Free Lunch” The “Absence of Arbitrage” rule is often used in finance to figure out prices of derivative securities. The “Absence of Arbitrage” rule is often used in finance to figure out prices of derivative securities. Think about what would happen if arbitrage were allowed to persist. (Easy money for everybody) Think about what would happen if arbitrage were allowed to persist. (Easy money for everybody)

21. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 21 The Upper Bound for a Call Option Price Otherwise, arbitrage will be possible. Call option price must be less than the stock price. Otherwise, arbitrage will be possible. Suppose you see a call option selling for $65, and the underlying stock is selling for $60. Suppose you see a call option selling for $65, and the underlying stock is selling for $60. The arbitrage: sell the call, and buy the stock. The arbitrage: sell the call, and buy the stock. Worst case? The option is exercised and you pocket $5. Worst case? The option is exercised and you pocket $5. Best case? The stock sells for less than $65 at option expiration, and you keep all of the $65. Best case? The stock sells for less than $65 at option expiration, and you keep all of the $65. There was zero cash outlay today, there was no possibility of loss, and there was a potential for gain. There was zero cash outlay today, there was no possibility of loss, and there was a potential for gain.

22. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 22 The Upper Bound for a Put Option Price Put option price must be less than the strike price. Otherwise, arbitrage will be possible. Put option price must be less than the strike price. Otherwise, arbitrage will be possible. Suppose there is a put option with a strike price of $50 and this put is selling for $60. The Arbitrage: Sell the put, and invest the $60 in the bank. (Note you have zero cash outlay). Suppose there is a put option with a strike price of $50 and this put is selling for $60. The Arbitrage: Sell the put, and invest the $60 in the bank. (Note you have zero cash outlay). Worse case? Stock price goes to zero. Worse case? Stock price goes to zero. You must pay $50 for the stock (because you were the put writer). But, you have $60 from the sale of the put (plus interest). You must pay $50 for the stock (because you were the put writer). But, you have $60 from the sale of the put (plus interest). Best case? Stock price is at least $50 at expiration. Best case? Stock price is at least $50 at expiration. The put expires with zero value (and you are off the hook). The put expires with zero value (and you are off the hook). You keep the entire $60, plus interest. You keep the entire $60, plus interest.

23. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 23 The Lower Bound on Option Prices Option prices must be at least zero. Option prices must be at least zero. By definition, an option can simply be discarded. By definition, an option can simply be discarded. To derive a meaningful lower bound, we need to introduce a new term: intrinsic value. To derive a meaningful lower bound, we need to introduce a new term: intrinsic value. The intrinsic value of an option is the payoff that an option holder receives if the underlying stock price does not change from its current value. The intrinsic value of an option is the payoff that an option holder receives if the underlying stock price does not change from its current value.

24. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 24 Option Intrinsic Values That is, if S is the current stock price, and K is the strike price of the option: That is, if S is the current stock price, and K is the strike price of the option: Call option intrinsic value = max [0, S – K ] Call option intrinsic value = max [0, S – K ] In words: The call option intrinsic value is the maximum of zero or the stock price minus the strike price. In words: The call option intrinsic value is the maximum of zero or the stock price minus the strike price. Put option intrinsic value = max [0, K – S ] Put option intrinsic value = max [0, K – S ] In words: The put option intrinsic value is the maximum of zero or the strike price minus the stock price. In words: The put option intrinsic value is the maximum of zero or the strike price minus the stock price.

25. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 25 Option “Moneyness” options have a positive intrinsic value. “In the Money” options have a positive intrinsic value. For calls, the strike price is less than the stock price. For calls, the strike price is less than the stock price. For puts, the strike price is greater than the stock price. For puts, the strike price is greater than the stock price. options have a zero intrinsic value. “Out of the Money” options have a zero intrinsic value. For calls, the strike price is greater than the stock price. For calls, the strike price is greater than the stock price. For puts, the strike price is less than the stock price. For puts, the strike price is less than the stock price. options is a term used for options when the stock price and the strike price are about the same. “At the Money” options is a term used for options when the stock price and the strike price are about the same.

26. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 26 Intrinsic Values and Arbitrage, Calls Call options with American-style exercise must sell for at least their intrinsic value. (Otherwise, there is ) Call options with American-style exercise must sell for at least their intrinsic value. (Otherwise, there is arbitrage ) Suppose: S = $60; C = $5; K = $50. Suppose: S = $60; C = $5; K = $50. Instant Arbitrage. How? Instant Arbitrage. How? Buy the call for $5. Buy the call for $5. Immediately exercise the call, and buy the stock for $50.In the next instant, sell the stock at the market price of $60. Immediately exercise the call, and buy the stock for $50.In the next instant, sell the stock at the market price of $60. You made a profit with zero cash outlay. You made a profit with zero cash outlay.

27. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 27 Intrinsic Values and Arbitrage, Puts Put options with American-style exercise must sell for at least their intrinsic value. (Otherwise, there is ) Put options with American-style exercise must sell for at least their intrinsic value. (Otherwise, there is arbitrage ) Suppose: S = $40; P = $5; K = $50. Suppose: S = $40; P = $5; K = $50. Instant Arbitrage. How? Instant Arbitrage. How? Buy the put for $5. Buy the put for $5. Buy the stock for $40. Buy the stock for $40. Immediately exercise the put, and sell the stock for $50 Immediately exercise the put, and sell the stock for $50 You made a profit with zero cash outlay. You made a profit with zero cash outlay.

28. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 28 Back to Lower Bounds for Option Prices Option prices cannot be less than the option intrinsic value. Option prices cannot be less than the option intrinsic value. Otherwise, arbitrage will be possible. Otherwise, arbitrage will be possible. Note that immediate exercise was needed. Note that immediate exercise was needed. Therefore, options needed to have American-style exercise. Therefore, options needed to have American-style exercise. Using equations: If S is the current stock price, and K is the strike price: Using equations: If S is the current stock price, and K is the strike price: Call option price  max [0, S – K ] Put option price  max [0, K – S ] Put option price  max [0, K – S ]

29. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 29 Employee Stock Options, ESOs Essentially, an employee stock option is a that a firm to employees. Essentially, an employee stock option is a call option that a firm gives to employees. These call options allow the employees to buy shares of stock in the company. These call options allow the employees to buy shares of stock in the company. Giving stock options to employees is a widespread practice. Giving stock options to employees is a widespread practice. Because you might soon be an ESO holder, an understanding of ESOs is important. Because you might soon be an ESO holder, an understanding of ESOs is important.

30. 14- 30 Features of ESOs ESOs have features that ordinary call options do not. Details vary by firm, but: ESOs have features that ordinary call options do not. Details vary by firm, but: The life of the ESO is generally 10 years. The life of the ESO is generally 10 years. ESOs cannot be sold. ESOs cannot be sold. ESOs have a “vesting” period of about 3 years. ESOs have a “vesting” period of about 3 years. Employees cannot exercise their ESOs until they have worked for the company for this vesting period. Employees cannot exercise their ESOs until they have worked for the company for this vesting period. If an employee leaves the company before the ESOs are “vested," the employees lose the ESOs. If an employee leaves the company before the ESOs are “vested," the employees lose the ESOs. If an employee stays for the vesting period, the ESOs can be exercised any time over the remaining life of the ESO. If an employee stays for the vesting period, the ESOs can be exercised any time over the remaining life of the ESO.

31. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 31 Why are ESOs Granted? Owners of a corporation (i.e., the stockholders) have a basic problem. Owners of a corporation (i.e., the stockholders) have a basic problem. How do they get their employees to make decisions that help the stock price increase? ESOs are a powerful motivator, because payoffs to options can be large.High stock prices: ESO holders gain and shareholders gain. ESOs are a powerful motivator, because payoffs to options can be large.High stock prices: ESO holders gain and shareholders gain. ESOs have no upfront costs to the company. ESOs have no upfront costs to the company. ESOs can be viewed as a substitute for ordinary wages. Therefore, ESOs are helpful in recruiting employees. ESOs can be viewed as a substitute for ordinary wages. Therefore, ESOs are helpful in recruiting employees.

32. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 32 ESO Repricing ESOs are generally issued exactly “at the money.” ESOs are generally issued exactly “at the money.” Intrinsic value is zero. Intrinsic value is zero. There is no value from immediate exercise.But, the ESO is still valuable. There is no value from immediate exercise.But, the ESO is still valuable. If the stock price falls after the ESO is granted, the ESO is said to be “underwater.” If the stock price falls after the ESO is granted, the ESO is said to be “underwater.” Occasionally, companies will lower the strike prices of ESOs that are “underwater.” Occasionally, companies will lower the strike prices of ESOs that are “underwater.” This practice is called “restriking” or “repricing.” This practice is controversial. This practice is called “restriking” or “repricing.” This practice is controversial.

33. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 33 ESO Repricing Controversy Once an ESO is “underwater,” it loses its ability to motivate employees. Once an ESO is “underwater,” it loses its ability to motivate employees. Employees realize that there is only a small chance for a payoff from their ESOs. Employees may leave for other companies where they get “fresh” options. Employees realize that there is only a small chance for a payoff from their ESOs. Employees may leave for other companies where they get “fresh” options. Lowering a strike price is a reward for failing. Lowering a strike price is a reward for failing. After all, decisions by employees made the stock price fall. After all, decisions by employees made the stock price fall. If employees know that ESOs will be repriced, the ESOs loose their ability to motivate employees. If employees know that ESOs will be repriced, the ESOs loose their ability to motivate employees.

34. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 34 ESOs Today Most companies award ESO on a regular basis. Most companies award ESO on a regular basis. Quarterly Quarterly Annually Annually Therefore, employees will always have some “at the money” options. Therefore, employees will always have some “at the money” options. Regular grants of ESOs means that employees always have some “unvested” ESOs—giving them the added incentive to remain with the company. Regular grants of ESOs means that employees always have some “unvested” ESOs—giving them the added incentive to remain with the company.

35. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 35 Put-Call Parity Put-Call Parity is perhaps the most fundamental relationship in option pricing. Put-Call Parity is perhaps the most fundamental relationship in option pricing. Put-Call Parity is generally used for options with European-style exercise. Put-Call Parity is generally used for options with European-style exercise. Put-Call Parity states: the difference between the call price and the put price equals the difference between the stock price and the discounted strike price. Put-Call Parity states: the difference between the call price and the put price equals the difference between the stock price and the discounted strike price.

36. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 36 The Put-Call Parity Formula In the formula: In the formula: C is the call option price today C is the call option price today S is the stock price today S is the stock price today r is the risk-free interest rate r is the risk-free interest rate P is the put option price today P is the put option price today K is the strike price of the put and the call K is the strike price of the put and the call T is the time remaining until option expiration T is the time remaining until option expiration Note: this formula can be rearranged: Note: this formula can be rearranged: e -rT is a discount factor, so Ke -rT is simply the discounted strike price.

37. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 37 Why Put-Call Parity Works If two securities have the same risk-less pay- off in the future, they must sell for the same price today. If two securities have the same risk-less pay- off in the future, they must sell for the same price today. Today, suppose an investor forms the following portfolio: Today, suppose an investor forms the following portfolio: Buys 100 shares of Microsoft stock Buys 100 shares of Microsoft stock Writes one Microsoft call option contract Writes one Microsoft call option contract Buys one Microsoft put option contract. Buys one Microsoft put option contract.

38. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 38 Why Put-Call Parity Works At option expiration, this portfolio will be worth:

39. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 39 Put-Call Parity Notes Notice that the portfolio is always worth $K at expiration. That is, it is riskless. Notice that the portfolio is always worth $K at expiration. That is, it is riskless. Therefore, the value of this portfolio today is $Ke -rT. Therefore, the value of this portfolio today is $Ke -rT. That is, to prevent arbitrage: today’s cost of buying 100 shares and buying one put (net of the proceeds of writing one call), should equal the price of a risk-less security with a face value of $K, and a maturity of T. That is, to prevent arbitrage: today’s cost of buying 100 shares and buying one put (net of the proceeds of writing one call), should equal the price of a risk-less security with a face value of $K, and a maturity of T. Fun fact: If S = K (and if rT > 0), then C > P. Fun fact: If S = K (and if rT > 0), then C > P.

40. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 40 Stock Index Options A stock index option is an option on a stock market index. A stock index option is an option on a stock market index. Because the actual delivery of all stocks comprising a stock index is impractical, stock index options have a Because the actual delivery of all stocks comprising a stock index is impractical, stock index options have a cash settlement procedure. That is, if the option expires in the money, the option writer simply pays the option holder the intrinsic value of the option. That is, if the option expires in the money, the option writer simply pays the option holder the intrinsic value of the option. The cash settlement procedure is the same for calls and puts. The cash settlement procedure is the same for calls and puts.

41. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 41 Index Option Trading Figure 14.6

42. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 42 Foreign Currency Options Foreign currency option contracts give holders the right to buy (call) or sell certain amount of foreign currency at the strike price until the maturity date. Foreign currency option contracts give holders the right to buy (call) or sell certain amount of foreign currency at the strike price until the maturity date. In Canada foreign currency option contracts are not traded. In Canada foreign currency option contracts are not traded. In USA, Philadelphia Exchange offer six contracts of following currencies against In USA, Philadelphia Exchange offer six contracts of following currencies against U.S. $ : Australian Dollar, British Pound, Canadian Dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen and Swiss Franc. U.S. $ : Australian Dollar, British Pound, Canadian Dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen and Swiss Franc.

43. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 43 Warrants Warrants are issued by companies to give the right of buying the stock of the company at a specified strike price. Warrants are issued by companies to give the right of buying the stock of the company at a specified strike price. Warrants are very similar to call options except they are written by the companies. Warrants are very similar to call options except they are written by the companies. If a warrant holder decides to exercise the right, then the company has to issue new shares in exchange of strike price. As a result, company gets the cash inflow, but increases the number of outstanding shares. If a warrant holder decides to exercise the right, then the company has to issue new shares in exchange of strike price. As a result, company gets the cash inflow, but increases the number of outstanding shares.

44. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 44 The Canadian Derivatives Clearing Corporation The Canadian Derivatives Clearing Corporation is the clearing agency for all derivatives exchanges in Canada (Montreal and Winnipeg). The Canadian Derivatives Clearing Corporation is the clearing agency for all derivatives exchanges in Canada (Montreal and Winnipeg). All option contracts traded in Canada are originally issued, guaranteed, and cleared by the CDCC. Brokerage firms merely act as intermediaries between investors and the CDCC. All option contracts traded in Canada are originally issued, guaranteed, and cleared by the CDCC. Brokerage firms merely act as intermediaries between investors and the CDCC. Visit the CDCC at: www.cdcc.com. www.cdcc.com

45. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 14- 45 Useful Websites For information on options ticker symbols, see: For information on options ticker symbols, see:  www.cboe.com www.cboe.com  www.m-x.ca www.m-x.ca To learn more about options, see: To learn more about options, see:  www.e-analytics.com www.e-analytics.com  www.tradingmarkets.com www.tradingmarkets.com  www.investorlinks.com www.investorlinks.com Exchanges that trade index options include: Exchanges that trade index options include:  www.cboe.com www.cboe.com  www.cbot.com www.cbot.com  www.cme.com www.cme.com  www.m-x.ca