1. Computers Are Your Future Twelfth Edition*
07/16/96
Computers Are Your Future Twelfth Edition
Chapter 4: System Software
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

2. Objectives List the two major components of system software.*
Objectives
07/16/96
List the two major components of system software.
List the five basic functions of an operating system.
Explain why a computer needs an operating system.
Explain what happens when you turn on a computer.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

3. Objectives List the three major types of user interfaces.*
Objectives
07/16/96
List the three major types of user interfaces.
List the three categories of operating systems.
Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the most popular operating systems.
List the system utilities that are considered essential.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

4. Objectives Discuss data backup procedures.*
Objectives
07/16/96
Discuss data backup procedures.
Understand troubleshooting techniques and determine probable solutions to any operating system problems you may encounter.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

5. System Software *
07/16/96
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6. The Operating System
Every computer from smallest notebook to the largest supercomputer,has an operating system
System software works with end users, application software, and computer hardware to handle technical details.
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7. The Operating System System software*
The Operating System
07/16/96
System software
Consists of all the programs that enable the computer and its peripheral devices to function smoothly
Divided into two main categories:
The operating system
System utilities (utility programs)
Provides various maintenance functions
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8. *
07/16/96
The Operating System
Management of the resources of a computer are performed by the computer’s operating system (OS).
The coordination of the functions of a computer’s hardware is the prime responsibility of the operating system.
This is Figure 4.1.
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9. The Operating System Five basic functions Starts the computer*
The Operating System
07/16/96
Five basic functions
Starts the computer
Manages applications
Manages memory
Handles input and output device messages
Provides a user interface for communication
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10. The Operating System Operation system (OS)*
The Operating System
07/16/96
Operation system (OS)
Set of programs that coordinates:
Interactions of hardware components to each other
Interaction between application software and computer hardware
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11. The Operating System Starting the computer*
The Operating System
07/16/96
Starting the computer
Loading— to transfer something from a storage device, such as the hard disk , to memory.
Booting—loading the OS into RAM
Cold boot: Starting computer when it has not yet been turned on
Warm boot: Restarting a computer that is already on
WARM Boots are often necessary after installing new software or after an application crashes or stops working. (CTRL+ALT+DEL)
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12. The Operating System The Six Steps of Booting a System*
The Operating System
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The Six Steps of Booting a System
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13. The Operating System Step 1: Activate the BIOS and Setup Program*
The Operating System
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Step 1: Activate the BIOS and Setup Program
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) instructions provide the computer with descriptions of the internal equipment
Bios is encoded on ROM (read-only memory)
Does not control external devices
Adjustable energy settings
Setup program
Includes settings that control computer hardware
Do not alter—making incorrect changes to a BIOS device will cause the system not to boot
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14. BIOS In the BIOS UI, a user can: configure hardware
set the system clock
enable or disable system components
select which devices are eligible to be a potential boot device
set various password prompts, such as a password for securing access to the BIOS UI functions itself and preventing malicious users from booting the system from unauthorized peripheral devices.
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15. BIOS
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16. The Operating System Step 2: Initiate the Power-On Self-Test*
The Operating System
07/16/96
Step 2: Initiate the Power-On Self-Test
Power-on self-test (POST)—to confirm that both the computer and its peripheral devices are working properly
If the POST fails:
A beep will sound.
An error message will appear on the monitor.
The computer will stop.
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17. POST *
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18. The Operating System Step 3: Load the Operating System BIOS*
The Operating System
07/16/96
Step 3: Load the Operating System
BIOS
Looks for the operating system
Loads the kernel into memory— the central part of the operating system that starts applications, manages devices and memory, and performs other essential functions.
The operating system loads the system configuration information.
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19. LOADING OPERATING SYTEM
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20. The Operating System Step 4: Configure the System Operating system*
The Operating System
07/16/96
Step 4: Configure the System
Operating system
Checks the registry
Database that stores information about software and peripherals choices, for configuration information
Checks the configuration for drivers
Utility programs containing instructions for the proper functioning of peripheral devices.
Automatically detects plug-and-play (PnP) devices
Checks for conflicts between devices
Installs and loads needed drivers
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21. The Operating System Step 5: Load System Utilities Antivirus software*
The Operating System
07/16/96
Step 5: Load System Utilities
Antivirus software
Speaker volume control
Power management options
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22. The Operating System Step 6: Authenticate a User*
The Operating System
07/16/96
Step 6: Authenticate a User
Verifies authorized users
Enter an authentication/login user name and password
Profile—a record of a specific user’s preferences for the desktop theme, icons, and menu styles
Account—for multiuser computer systems each user has an account
Consists of user name, password, and storage space
Created by server/computer administrator
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23. The Operating System Managing applications*
The Operating System
07/16/96
Managing applications
Single-tasking operating systems—run only one application at a time
Multitasking operating systems—permit more than one application to run at the same time
The foreground application is the active one.
Background applications appear inactive.
Preemptive multitasking—ensures all applications have fair access to the CPU
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24. The Operating System *
07/16/96
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25. The Operating System Managing memory Buffer*
The Operating System
07/16/96
Managing memory
Buffer
Area that holds data and instructions temporarily
Makes programs run faster
RAM memory functions as the buffer.
OS gives each program a portion of RAM memory and keeps them from interfering with each other.
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26. RAM 26
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27. The Operating System Managing memory (con’t.)*
The Operating System
07/16/96
Managing memory (con’t.)
Virtual memory—uses portion of hard disk to extend RAM
Pages—units of fixed size, contain program instructions and data
When RAM is full, copies of pages are temporarily stored in a swap file, a special hard disk file.
Transferring files between RAM and the hard disk—paging
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28. The Operating System Managing memory (con’t.)*
The Operating System
07/16/96
Managing memory (con’t.)
Adding more RAM—best way to improve computer performance:
Paging slows computer.
Accessing data from hard disk is slower than accessing from RAM.
Windows Vista and Windows 7 come with Windows ReadyBoost
Allows allocation of space on removable memory devices such as USBs that can be used to increase the size of RAM
Better performance than hard disk virtual memory because accessing files on flash memory is quicker than accessing the hard drive
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29. The Operating System *
07/16/96
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30. The Operating System Coordinating tasks*
The Operating System
07/16/96
Coordinating tasks
Device drivers—enable communication between computer and devices
Interrupts—signals created by input and output devices
Notify the OS when actions are taken
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

31. The Operating System Providing the user interface*
The Operating System
07/16/96
Providing the user interface
User Interface: The part of the OS that you see and interact with and by which users and programs communicate with each other.
Allows the user to:
Start application programs
Manage storage devices
Safely shut down the computer
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32. The Operating System Types of user interfaces*
The Operating System
07/16/96
Types of user interfaces
Graphical user interface (GUI)
Menu-driven user interface
Command-line user interface
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33. The Operating System Types of user interfaces (con’t.)*
The Operating System
07/16/96
Types of user interfaces (con’t.)
Graphical user interface (GUI)
Uses icons—small images that:
Represent computer resources used to initiate actions
Appear on the desktop
Work area created after the OS loads into memory
Sidebar—invisible 1-inch vertical strip on the right side of the desktop, holds user designated gadgets
Programs you open will appear in the center of the desktop.
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34. The Operating System *
07/16/96
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35. The Operating System Windows 7 is the most recent Microsoft OS*
The Operating System
07/16/96
Windows 7 is the most recent Microsoft OS
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

36. The Operating System Types of user interfaces (con’t.)*
The Operating System
07/16/96
Types of user interfaces (con’t.)
Menu-driven user interface
Provides text-based menus
Displays available user options
Enables you to avoid memorizing keywords (such as copy , paste) and syntax (a set of rules for entering commands)
Command-line user interface
Requires the user to type commands to instruct the OS to perform the desired actions
Uses complicated rules of syntax
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

37. Exploring Popular Operating Systems*
Exploring Popular Operating Systems
07/16/96
Three categories of operating systems
Stand-alone operating systems—used by single users
Server operating systems—used in client/server network environments
Embedded operating systems—found on ROM chips in portable or dedicated devices
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38. Exploring Popular Operating Systems*
07/16/96
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

39. Stand-Alone Operating Systems*
Stand-Alone Operating Systems
07/16/96
Windows Operating Systems Timeline
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40. Stand-Alone Operating Systems*
07/16/96
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

41. Stand-Alone Operating Systems*
07/16/96
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

42. Stand-Alone Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows 7
Six versions
Starter
Home Basic
Home Premium
Professional
Enterprise
Ultimate
More efficient than previous versions
Compatibility issues resolved
New features
Jump list
Pin
Snap
Windows Search
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43. Windows 7 is the most recent Microsoft OS
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44. Stand-Alone Operating Systems*
Stand-Alone Operating Systems
07/16/96
Microsoft Windows Vista
Five versions
Basic
Home Premium
Business
Ultimate
Enterprise
Replaced Windows XP
Supports tablet PCs and other mobile devices
New and improved features, such as:
Search
Networking tools
Integrated speech recognition
Gadgets—applications that appear as icons
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45. Windows Vista This is Figure 4.13.*
Windows Vista
07/16/96
This is Figure 4.13.
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46. Stand-Alone Operating Systems*
Stand-Alone Operating Systems
07/16/96
Mac OS
Used on Macintosh personal computers
Stable, simple to use
Latest version is Mac OS X Snow Leopard
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47. Stand-Alone Operating Systems*
07/16/96
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48. Stand-Alone Operating Systems*
Stand-Alone Operating Systems
07/16/96
UNIX
Features preemptive multitasking
Has many versions that are not compatible
Hard to use—defaults to a command-line user interface
Mac OS X is based on UNIX
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49. Stand-Alone Operating Systems*
Stand-Alone Operating Systems
07/16/96
Linux
Developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991
Open source software—source code is available to users
Powerful, free
Features such as
Multitasking
Virtual memory
Internet support
GUI
Gaining acceptance for Web servers
Disadvantages
Lack of technical support prevents adoption in corporate environments
Difficult to run Microsoft Office applications
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50. Stand-Alone Operating Systems*
Stand-Alone Operating Systems
07/16/96
PC Versus Mac Versus Linux
Platform—determined by combination of microprocessor chip & OS
PCs
Dominate marketplace
Windows OS
Intel or AMD chip
More software available
Macs
Mac OS
Motorola or IBM chip
Most current OS can run Windows software
Creative fields are almost exclusive to Mac
Linux
Can be installed on PC or Mac
More secure—fewer viruses
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51. Stand-Alone Operating Systems*
07/16/96
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52. Stand-Alone Operating Systems*
Stand-Alone Operating Systems
07/16/96
Server operating systems
Microsoft Windows Server 2008
Used in corporate environments to support client/server systems
Benefits include:
Security
Web server
Administration
Virtualization
Other server operating systems
Unix
Linux
Netware by Novell
Solaris
Mac OS X Server
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53. Stand-Alone Operating Systems*
Stand-Alone Operating Systems
07/16/96
Embedded operating systems
Designed for specific applications
Compact and efficient
Eliminate many unneeded features of OSs
Used in PDAs, cell phones, kitchen appliances, point-of-sale devices, industrial robots, etc.
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54. Stand-Alone Operating Systems*
Stand-Alone Operating Systems
07/16/96
Microsoft Windows Mobile
Designed for smartphones and PDAs
Includes simplified versions of Windows programs
Supports handwriting recognition and voice recording
Supports synchronizing with corresponding programs on desktop computers
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

55. Stand-Alone Operating Systems*
Stand-Alone Operating Systems
07/16/96
More embedded operating systems
Window CE
Used in devices such as hand-held PCs, video game players, digital cameras, and industrial products such as barcode readers
Palm OS
Developed for PDAs—currently used in smartphones such as Palm Pixi
Symbian OS
Open industry standard operating system for data-enabled mobile phones with many add-on devices
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56. Stand-Alone Operating Systems*
07/16/96
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57. Stand-Alone Operating Systems*
Stand-Alone Operating Systems
07/16/96
More embedded operating systems
Android
Supports CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) and more screen resolutions
iPhone OS
Features
Genius Mixes
Genius Recommendations
Saving video from mail and MMS into Camera Roll
Save a New Clip option
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58. System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools*
System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools
07/16/96
System utilities (utility programs)
Software programs—essential to effective management of the computer system
Perform tasks such as:
Backing up files
Providing antivirus protection
Searching for and managing files
Compressing files
Providing accessibility utilities to individuals with special needs
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59. System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools*
System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools
07/16/96
Backup software—copies data found on the hard disk to a backup device
Full backups—include all files and data
Incremental backups—include only those files changed or added since the previous backup
Drive imaging software—creates a mirror image of the entire hard drive
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60. System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools*
07/16/96
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61. Full Backup
Typically full backups are only done once a week and are part of an overall backup plan. Sometimes a full backup is done after a major change of the data on the disk, such as an operating system upgrade or software install. The relatively long intervals between backups mean that if something goes wrong, a lot of data is going to be lost. That's why it is wise to back up data between full backups.
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62. Incremental Backup
Incremental backups also back up only the changed data, but they only back up the data that has changed since the last backup 
If you do an incremental backup on Tuesday, you only back up the data that changed since the incremental backup on Monday. The result is a much smaller, faster backup. The characteristic of incremental backups is the shorter the time interval between backups, the less data to be backed up 62
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63. System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools*
System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools
07/16/96
Antivirus software— protects the computer from viruses
Popular antivirus programs:
BitDefender Antivirus
Kaspersky Anti-virus
Webroot AntiVirus wit SpySweeper
Norton AntiVirus
ESET Nod32 Antivirus
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64. System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools*
System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools
07/16/96
Searching for and managing files
File manager—utility software that organizes and manages data
Copy files
Determine how and where files are stored
Delete files
Search utility—enables you to locate files
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65. System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools*
07/16/96
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

66. System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools*
07/16/96
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

67. System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools*
System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools
07/16/96
Scanning and defragmenting disks
Disk scanning programs—find and resolve disk file storage problems
Bad sector—irregularity on the disk’s surface that renders a portion of the disk unable to store data reliably
Disk cleanup utilities—remove unnecessary files to save space
Fragmented disk—results from computer creating and erasing files on hard disk
Causes disk access to slow while system looks in several locations to find all file segments
Disk defragmentation programs—reorganize stored data in a more efficient manner
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68. Disk Scanning 68
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69. System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools*
System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools
07/16/96
File compression utilities
Decrease the size of files, resulting in faster downloads
Create archives by storing files in a special format
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70. System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools*
System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools
07/16/96
Accessibility utilities
Designed to make computing easier for individuals with special needs
Magnifier
On-screen keyboard
Speech recognition
Narrator
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71. System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools*
System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools
07/16/96
Systems update
Windows Update for Windows 7 and Vista automatically downloads and installs updates.
Includes service packs, version upgrades, and security updates
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72. System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools*
System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools
07/16/96
Troubleshooting
Keep a boot disk (emergency disk)—to load the operating system for emergencies
Use the Windows Help and Support utility
Shut down the system properly.
Use correct procedure; don’t just turn the power off.
Put in sleep mode, a low-power state, as an alternative.
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73. System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools*
System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools
07/16/96
Safe mode
Windows loads a minimal set of drivers known to function correctly
Use Control Panel to discover devices that are causing the problem
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74. System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools*
System Utilities: Housekeeping Tools
07/16/96
Reliability and Performance Monitor
Helps determine when system’s performance began to degrade
Gives details about events that may have caused the problem
Help and Support
Available from Start menu
Includes several ways to manage and maintain the computer
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

75. Summary List the two major components of system software.*
Summary
07/16/96
List the two major components of system software.
List the five basic functions of an operating system.
Explain why a computer needs an operating system.
Explain what happens when you turn on a computer.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

76. Summary List the three major types of user interfaces.*
Summary
07/16/96
List the three major types of user interfaces.
List the three categories of operating systems.
Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the most popular operating systems.
List the system utilities that are considered essential.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

77. Summary Discuss data backup procedures.*
Summary
07/16/96
Discuss data backup procedures.
Understand troubleshooting techniques and determine probable solutions to any operating system problems you may encounter.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall *

78. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  
Publishing as Prentice Hall
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall