1. Science
Process
Skills

2. 1. OBSERVATION
Observation is using all five senses to gain information about your surroundings
Touch
Taste
Smell
Hear
See

3. 1. OBSERVATION
There are 2 kinds of observations:
Qualitative observation describe things and are NOT used for scientific research.
Quantitative observations are precise measurements that scientists can use when doing research. (number & unit)

4. 2. MEASURING
Scientists around the world use a quantitative system of measurement called the international system (SI) or the metric system. Scientists can communicate information to anyone in the world using this system.

5. 2. MEASURING Measurements are described in numbers and units.
The SI system is based on multiples of ten.
TO MEASURE : UNIT/SYMBOL: TOOLS to USE:
Length meters/m rulers
Mass grams/g triple beam balance
Time seconds/s clock, watch, timer
Temperature degrees Celsius/ C thermometer
Volume liter/L graduated cylinder
cubic centimeters/ cm3 measure with ruler

6. 3. INFERENCE
Inference- to draw a conclusion based on the facts learned from an observation.

7. 4. Design an Experiment
Scientists make observations and develop a problem or question. Then, scientists design experiments to gain information about the problem or question.

8. 4. Design an Experiment 3 Kinds of Variables :
A scientists must begin an experiment with a plan. First, the scientist must make decisions about VARIABLES.
3 Kinds of Variables :
Independent Variable (Manipulated Variable)- the variable that the scientist purposely changes (ONLY ONE of these)
Dependent Variable (Responding Variable)- the variable that responds in an experiment; the scientist can’t control this variable (what the scientist measures)
Constants (controlled variables)- factors that must be the same in both groups

9. 4. Design an Experiment
The scientist must identify the control group and the experimental groups for the experiment.
Control Group-
group in the experiment where everything is natural or unchanged as possible
There will be only ONE of these (or there may be no control group at all.)
Experimental Group-
Group in the experiment that has a single factor changed
There can be more than one of these groups

10. 4. Design an Experiment Title:
How do preservatives affect how fast apple slices turn brown?
Leticia timed how fast apple slices turned brown after being dipped in different preservatives, such as lemon juice, fruit freshener, and lime soda.

11. 4. Design an Experiment Use the information to identify the following:
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Constants
Control Group
Experimental Groups 1) 2) 3)

12. 4. Design an Experiment Answer: I.V.- type of preservatives
D.V. -time it takes for the apple to get brown
Constants- type of apple, way the apple is cut, amount of preservatives, dipping time
Control Group- apples NOT dipped in any preservatives
Experimental Groups-
Apple in lemon juice
Apple in fruit freshener
Apple in lime soda

13. 4. Design an Experiment
Before the scientists actually does an experiment, he/she must write a hypothesis.
Hypothesis- a statement about the predicted relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.

14. 4. Design an Experiment
Rules for writing a hypothesis-
It must be in an “If…,then…” format
Do not use personal pronouns, like I, me, he, she, we, us, them…
Use this formula when writing a hypothesis-just fill in the red and blue blanks!
If the (I.V.) (increases or decreases), then the (D.V.) will (increase or decrease).
EXAMPLE:
I.V. – amount of fertilizer D.V. plant growth
If the amount of fertilizer increases, then the plant growth will increase.

15. 4. Design an Experiment
Repeated Trials are done to make sure that the results of an experiment are as accurate as possible. Doing many trials ensures that the results are NOT because of an error or mistake.

16. A title is written as a question.
4. Design an Experiment
HOMEWORK: Fill out another experimental design diagram using the following experiment:
Title:
How does the length of the paper helicopter blade affect the rotational speed of the blades?
A title is written as a question.

17. 4. Design an Experiment
HOMEWORK: Fill out another experimental design diagram using the following experiment:
Write the title on your blank experimental design diagram.
Title:
How does the height of a container’s sides affect the time for liquid to evaporate?

18. 4. Design an Experiment
Title: How does the height of a container’s sides affect the time it takes the liquid to evaporate?
Hypothesis: If the height of a container’s sides increases, then the time it takes for the liquid to evaporate will increase.
Independent Variable: height of the container’s sides (cm)
Level of I.V.
1 cm sides
Level of I.V.
5 cm sides
Level of I.V.
10 cm sides
Repeated trials 5
Repeated trials 5
Repeated trials 5
Dependent Variable: time for liquid to evaporate (hours)
Constants: type of container; type of liquid; amount of liquid; temperature of the heat source; location of the containers; starting time

19. How does the height of a ramp affect the distance a toy car will move?
4. Design an Experiment
HOMEWORK: Fill out another experimental design diagram using the following experiment:
Write the title on your blank experimental design diagram.
Title:
How does the height of a ramp affect the distance a toy car will move?

20. 4. Design an Experiment
Title: How does the height of the ramp affect the distance a toy car can move?
Hypothesis: If the height of the ramp increases, then the distance a toy car can move will increase.
Independent Variable: height of the ramp (cm)
Level of I.V.
1 cm ramp
Level of I.V.
5 cm ramp
Level of I.V.
10 cm ramp
Repeated trials 15
Repeated trials 15
Repeated trials 15
Dependent Variable: distance the toy car can move (cm)
Constants: same type of ramp; same car; same location

21. Classwork- Video on scientific method DATE Answer on separate paper.
1- List the 8 steps of the scientific method.
2-Define hypothesis
3- List 3 reasons that it is important to write down your procedures before an experiment.
4- Which group has NO variable being tested?
control group OR experimental group
5- Which group has ONE variable being tested at a a time?
6- What 3 ways can you organize information for your summary?
7- What do you do in the conclusion?

22. 5- Collecting Data
Organizing data from experiments into data tables helps scientists better understand their results.
A scientist must design a data table to use during the course of the experiment to record measurements of the DEPENDENT VARIABLE.
There is usually an area on the data table to record the average of the repeated trials. The average is calculated after ALL data has been gathered and recorded.
The data will be used to make a graph to illustrate the findings of the experiment.

23. 6- Graphs
There are 3 kinds of graphs:
1. Circle graph
2- Bar graph
3. Line graph

24. 6- Graphs
CIRCLE GRAPH
A divided circle
It shows how a part relates to a whole
The numbers are written as percents
The total of the numbers will be 100%

25. Bar Graphs 6- Graphs Has bars to help compare things
Drawn on graph paper
Vertical line (up & down) is the Y- axis
Horizontal line (across) is the X-axis
Choose the scale by looking at the highest and lowest number in your data
The number divisions on the scale must be equal
ALL bar graphs have a scale and equal divisions

26. Line Graphs: 6- Graphs Lets you plot several forms of data
Shows changes
Help to answer an “If…,then..” question (hypothesis)
X-axis is the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
Y-axis is the DEPENDENT VARIABLE

27. 6- Graphs
Y-axis
Dependent
Variable
X-axis
Independent Variable

28. Communicate Results
When a scientists finishes an experiment, he/she must communicate the results in a lab report.
Rules for a Lab Report:
Use proper spelling, grammar, and punctuation
Write in complete sentences
Do NOT use personal pronouns (I, we, he, she, us, you, them, ect.)
Do NOT lie or make up data
A stranger should be able to repeat the experiment exactly by reading the report.

29. Parts of a Lab Report: Communicate Results Title: Hypothesis:
Materials:
Procedures:
Data/Observations:
Discussion:

30. Parts of a Lab Report: Communicate Results Title: Hypothesis:
** Copy both of these from the experimental design diagram you completed during the planning of the experiment

31. Parts of a Lab Report: Communicate Results
Materials: (You must list every single thing that you used) JUST LIST-NO SENTENCES
Materials: 15 small styrofoam cups
plain potting soil
250 ml measuring cup
water

32. Parts of a Lab Report: Communicate Results
Procedures: (You must list in detail every step you did when setting up this experiment)
***Someone should be able to repeat the experiment exactly by reading your directions
Procedures: Get 15 small styrofoam cups. Label each cup with a number 1-5 for the control group and the 2 experimental groups. Organize all of the cups in the tray. Put 10 scoops of plain potting soil in all of the cups. Put one lima been seed 5 cm into the soil and cover the seed with soil.

33. Parts of a Lab Report: Communicate Results
Data/Observations: (look at the measurements and notes in your lab log for important information about the results of the experiment)
Data/Observations: The data collected shows that the plants that received vinegar did not grow. The plants without vinegar grew an average of 5 cm in 2 weeks. The plants without vinegar were tall and very bright green.

34. ` Parts of a Lab Report: Communicate Results
Discussion: (write a conclusion about whether or not the results supported the hypothesis)
Discussion: The data collected did not support the hypothesis. The plants with vinegar did not grow more than the plants with the vinegar.
Discussion: A conclusion can not be made because of error in the experiment. All of the plants were destroyed by a dog.