1. Multifamily residential asset and space markets and linkages with the economy Alain Chaney ♣ Martin Hoesli ♦ ERES Conference Bucharest, June 25-28, 2014 ♦ GSEM & Swiss Finance Institute, University of Geneva, Switzerland Business School, University of Aberdeen, UK Kedge Business School, France ♣ GSEM, University of Geneva, Switzerland IAZI AG, Switzerland

2. 2014 ERES Conference 2  Motivation  Methodology  Data  Empirical Results Outline Motivation Methodology DataEmpirical Results

3. 2014 ERES Conference 3 Theoretical background  Real estate markets are influenced by macroeconomic factors through a variety of channels  and these linkages have been documented both for housing (Kennedy, 2005; Cihák, Iossifov & Shanghavi, 2008; International Monetary Fund, 2008)  and commercial real estate markets (Chaney & Hoesli, 2012; McCartney, 2012) Motivation Methodology DataEmpirical Results Macro Economy Property Market (DiPasquale & Wheaton) stock construction market rent price demand=f(r, gdp…)

4. 2014 ERES Conference 4 Previous work  Asset market extensively researched by cap rate studies (early work includes Froland, 1987; Evans, 1990; Ambrose & Nourse, 1993)  Limited number of recent studies applied more complex time series models, i.e. ECM that follow the strategy of Engle & Granger (1987) (Hendershott & MacGregor, 2005; Dunse et al., 2007; Clayton, Ling & Naranjo, 2009)  Cap rates are found to depend on various economic forces  Space market studies are mainly concerned with estimation of the rental adjustment process and explain (equilibrium) rents by employment, economic activity, interest rates, space supply, (natural) vacancy rate, construction costs, and lagged rental values. State of the art are ECMs that follow the strategy of Engle & Granger (1987) (Hendershott, MacGregor & Tse, 2002; Hendershott, MacGregor & White, 2002; Brounen & Jennen, 2009; Hendershott, Lizieri & MacGregor, 2010; McCartney, 2012)  Methods  ECMs of Engle and Granger (1987) are limited to a single cointegrating vector and the studies that have applied this approach treated economic variables exogenously  Johansen (1988, 1991) and Johansen & Juselius (1990) developed a systems-based approach to cointegration which enables for more than one cointegrating vector  This approach has been applied to the commercial real estate market only recently (Schätz & Sebastian, 2009; Kohlert, 2010)  The cointegrating vectors derived from the popular Johansen procedure would allow for more than one long-run relation, but they are statistically motivated identifying restrictions  No economic meaning: economic relations are not orthogonal  Identification of short-run dynamics achieved with the recursive structure of Sims (1980)  Results are not unique and depend on the ordering of the variables  Methodologies applied do not seem to fully meet the complexity of the linkages Motivation Methodology DataEmpirical Results

5. 2014 ERES Conference 5 Methodology  To overcome some of these issues, we introduce a new modelling approach from macroeconometrics.  It is based on Garratt, Lee, Pesaran & Shin (2003, 2006) and allows to incorporate long-run structural relationships, as suggested by economic theory, in an otherwise unrestricted VAR model.  On the basis of the equilibrium framework provided by DiPasquale & Wheaton (1992, 1996), we model the commercial real estate market as a whole to account for the fact that construction, rents and cap rates are interrelated.  We also model all series including core economic variables endogenously, therefore allowing for various contemporaneous linkages as well as for several long-run equilibrium relations.  Standard VECM, but cointegrating vectors derived using economic theory (whose validity can be tested econometrically) Motivation Methodology DataEmpirical Results

6. 2014 ERES Conference 6 Data AreaSwitzerland Why?Basic principles of macroeconomics and of real estate economics that underlie our empirical model are country-independent Several ‘building blocks’ which constitute the basis for our study have been applied successfully to various markets Availability and quality of required data in general and of transaction-based cap rates in particular Period 1974Q1-2013Q2 CRreal estate cap rate; 0.25*ln(1+R/100) INFquarterly inflation rate; ln(CPI/CPI(-1)), whereas the CPI has been adjusted for inclusion of the end of year sales in 2000 R10risk-free interest rate with a maturity of 10 years; 0.25*ln(1+R/100) LIBrisk-free interest rate with a maturity of 3 months; 0.25*ln(1+R/100) M2log real M2 RENTlog real rent, s.a. before 1990 CONlog real construction spending, s.a. Ylog real gdp, s.a. Motivation Methodology DataEmpirical Results

7. 2014 ERES Conference 7 Long-run analysis Motivation Methodology DataEmpirical Results Slope of the term structure (3m &10y interest rates) … augmented with money demand (M2, GDP & 3m interest rates) Real estate excess return (cap rates & 10y interest rates and cap rate spread & construction / GDP) Real estate market equilibrium (rents / cap rates & constructions) Theory predicts several long-run relations among these series Fisher interest rate parity (3m interest rates & inflation) … Augmented fisher interest rate parity

8. 2014 ERES Conference 8 Long-run analysis Motivation Methodology DataEmpirical Results Economic theory suggests  Slope of the term structure  Fisher parity  Real estate market equilibrium  Real estate excess return  Written compactly where  Results The central bank tens to reduce libor almost one by one with inflation…     … and some more when money velocity is low, i.e. if GDP growth is low (compared to M2). Financial crisis: no inflationary pressure  central banks reduced interest rates and increased money supply to stimulate GDP growth and to avoid deflation   Demonstrates the empirical validity of the D&W framework   Cap rate spread indeed evolves with the evolution of the construction to GDP measure

9. 2014 ERES Conference 9 Error-correction equations Motivation Methodology DataEmpirical Results  Adjusted R 2 all lie in the range of [0.17, 0.68]  Adjusted R 2 for benchmark models are much lower for most equations  In line with this observation, the coefficients of the error correction terms make a significant contribution in most equations  This shows that the error correction mechanisms provide for a complex and statistically significant set of interactions and feedbacks across the whole macro- economy, including all real estate quadrants  It also demonstrates that the benefits of the long-run structural modeling lie not only within the more structural interpretation and understanding based on economic theory but also within an improvement of the explanatory power of the short-run dynamics

10. 2014 ERES Conference 10 Length of time to equilibrium Motivation Methodology DataEmpirical Results Overall observations  Length of time varies between 10 and 30 quarters depending on the shock  some shocks eventually simply vanish while others, such as a shock in construction, M2, or GDP lead to oscillation Real estate excess return eq.  Smallest influence exerted by a change in inflation  Biggest changes caused by short- and long-term interest rates, M2 and GDP  Length of time to eq. about 5 years Real estate market equilibrium  Smallest influence exerted by a change in inflation  Biggest changes caused by one standard deviation change in cap rates, long-term interest rates and rents  Length of time to eq. about 7 years

11. 2014 ERES Conference 11 Short-run dynamics Motivation Methodology DataEmpirical Results  The linkages between commercial real estate and the economic are bi- directional  While it is well documented that economic variables influence real estate markets, GIRFs clearly show that real estate variables also exert some influence on the economy  For example, if the monetary authority increases interest rates to reduce inflationary pressures, this will directly reduce GDP growth and inflation, but on top will also impact the real estate market through a reduction in construction and rents and through an increase in cap rates. This will feed back to the core economy, as lower construction and lower rents both reduce GDP. The ultimate outcome may be a recession and falling real estate prices  These observations require modeling all variables (including the economic variables) endogenously

12. 2014 ERES Conference 12 Summary & Conclusions  Theory: predicts various linkages  Previous studies: focused on a limited subset of these linkages, treated economic variables exogenously & included a single cointegrating relation  We model the whole economy (including all four real estate quadrants) by incorporating equilibrium relations that are predicted by theory in an otherwise unrestricted VAR model and treat all variables endogenously  We find four long-run equilibrium relations  Due to their economic interpretation, these long-run equilibrium relations do not just improve the explanatory power of the models short-run dynamics, but they additionally help in the interpretation of economic conditions and identification of market disequilibria  Short-run dynamics show that the linkages are bi-directional. This requires modeling all variables endogenously  Results should also prove useful to investors, real estate developers, and tenants because a better understanding of the linkages can help them to prepare better for economic shocks and market disequilibria  Researchers should benefit because the presence of bi-directional links and a variety of long-run equilibrium relations implies that it is likely that previous studies did not fully capture the whole error-correcting behavior Motivation Methodology DataEmpirical Results

13. Thank you for your attention!