1. Confidence Intervals: Estimating Population Proportion
Section 8.2
Reference Text:
The Practice of Statistics, Fourth Edition.
Starnes, Yates, Moore
Lesson 6.1.1

2. Objectives Conditions For estimating p, why we use 𝒑
Standard deviation Standard Error
Calculating Confidence Intervals for p
statistic ± (critical value) · (standard deviation of statistic)
How do we find the critical Value
One Sample Z interval for a Population Proportion
Formula, by hand Calculator efficiency
Conditions of Constructing Confidence Intervals
Putting it all together: The 4 steps to ALWAYS cover.
Choosing the sample size

3. So…
In 8.1, we saw that a confidence interval can be used to estimate an unknown population parameter. We are often interested in estimating the proportion p of some outcome in the population. Some examples:
What proportion of US adults are unemployed right now?
What proportion of high school students cheated on a test?
What proportion of a company’s lap top batteries last as long as the company claims?
This section shows us how to construct and interpret a confidence interval for a population proportion.

4. Why We can Use 𝒑
In practice, of course, we don’t know the value of our population proportion (p). If we did, we wouldn’t need to construct a confidence interval for it!
So we use 𝒑 to estimate for p.
In large samples, 𝒑 will be close to p. so we can replace p with 𝒑 !
Lets look at our normal conditions and standard deviation of p, and replace it with 𝒑 .

5. Normal Conditions and Standard Deviation
Pop Proportion  Sample Proportion
np≥  n 𝒑 ≥ 10
n(1-p)≥  n(1- 𝒑 )≥10
σ 𝒑 = 𝑝(1−𝑝) 𝑛  σ 𝒑 = 𝒑 (1− 𝒑 ) 𝑛
Again, since we don’t know the value of p we replace it with 𝒑 . When the standard deviation of a statistic is estimated from data, the result is called the standard error. Since we are replacing a value, this creates some error. We are ok with this.

6. Conditions for Constructing A Confidence Interval
Random: The data should come from a well-designed random sample or randomized experiment.
Normal: n 𝒑 ≥ AND n(1- 𝒑 )≥10
Independent: the procedure of calculating confidence intervals assume that individual observations are independent and the 10% condition is met n≤ 1 10 𝑁
Run through these conditions before constructing an interval!!!

7. Check Your Understanding
In each of the following settings, check whether the conditions for calculating a confidence interval for the population proportion p are met.
Conditions: Random, Normal, Independent
1. An AP Statistics class at a large high school conducts a survey. They ask the first 100 students to arrive at school one morning whether or not they slept at least 8 hours the night before. Only 17 students say “Yes.”
2.A quality control inspector takes a random sample of 25 bags of potato chips from the thousands of bags filled in an hour. Of the bags selected, 3 had too much salt.

8. Calculating a Confidence interval for p.
statistic ± (critical value) · (standard deviation of statistic)
𝒑 ± 𝑧 ∗ 𝒑 (1− 𝒑 ) 𝑛
How do I find the critical value 𝑧 ∗ ?
To find a level C (say…95%?) confidence interval, we need to catch the central area C under the standard Normal curve.

9. How do I find the critical value 𝑧 ∗ ?
Finding the critical value for a 95% confidence interval, we look at the area under the curve that’s NOT being accounted for.
100%-95% =5% / 2 tails = 2.5% each tail

10. Example:
PROBLEM: Use Table A to find the critical value z* for an 80% confidence interval. Assume that the Normal condition is met.

11. Example Cont…
SOLUTION: For an 80% confidence level, we need to catch the central 80% of the standard Normal distribution. In catching the central 80%, we leave out 20%, or 10% in each tail. So the desired critical value z* is the point with area 0.1 to its right under the standard Normal curve. The table shows the details in picture form:
Search the body of Table a to find the point −z* with area 0.1 to its left. The closest entry is z = −1.28. (See the excerpt from Table A above.) So the critical value we want is z* = 1.28.

12. Calculator to find my Critical Value!
We are AP, and AP is pressed for time! How to find the critical value on your calc: 2nd>Vars (distr) >3: invNorm( >Enter > fill in the following invNorm(.05,0,1) .05 = area to the left of the curve, 0 and 1 are just to state it’s a standard Normal curve. The Calculator makes Table A obsolete!

13. One Sample Z Interval for a Population Proportion
Choose a SRS of size n from a large population that contains an unknown proportion p of successes. An approximate level C confidence interval for p is :
𝒑 ± 𝑧 ∗ 𝒑 (1− 𝒑 ) 𝑛
Where 𝑧 ∗ is the critical value for the standard Normal curve with area C between −𝑧 ∗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 ∗ .
Use this interval only when the numbers of successes and failures in the sample are both at least 10 and the population is at last 10 times as large as the sample.

14. Example of a 1-prop Z interval
PROBLEM: Mr. Vignolini’s class took an SRS of beads from the container and got 107 red beads and 144 white beads, making a total of 251 beads. We are using p = red beads.
(a) Calculate and interpret a 90% confidence interval for p.
(b) Mr. Vignolini claims that exactly half of the beads in the container are red. Use your result from (a) to comment on this claim.

15. Example Cont… 90% confidence interval:
Lets calculate 𝒑 , and find our critical value. Then plug it in!

16. Statistics/List editor>2nd>F2 (F7) > 5:1-propZint
Calculator!
We are AP, and AP is pressed for time!
How to construct an confidence interval for population proportion:
TI 83/84
STAT> TESTS> A:1-PropZInt> enter information in X, n, and C-level> highlight Calculate> Enter
TI 89
Statistics/List editor>2nd>F2 (F7) > 5:1-propZint

17. Statistics/List editor>2nd>F2 (F7) > 5:1-propZint
Calculator Practice:
We’ll demonstrate using the example of n = 439 teens surveyed, X = 246 said they thought that young people should go to college. Use your calculator to calc the interval:
TI 83/84
STAT> TESTS> A:1-PropZInt> enter information in X, n, and C-level> highlight Calculate> Enter
TI 89
Statistics/List editor>2nd>F2 (F7) > 5:1-propZint

18. AP Warning!
AP EXAM TIP You may use your calculator to compute a confidence interval on the AP exam. But there’s a risk involved. If you just give the calculator answer with no work, you’ll get either full credit for the “Do” step (if the interval is correct) or no credit (if it’s wrong). We recommend showing the calculation with the appropriate formula and then checking with your calculator. If you opt for the calculator-only method, be sure to name the procedure (e.g., one-proportion z interval) and to give the interval (e.g., to 0.606).

19. Putting it all Together: A Four-Step Process
State: what parameter do you want to estimate, and at what confidence level?
Plan: Identify the appropriate inference method. Check conditions.
Do: If the conditions are met, preform calculations.
Conclude: Interpret your interval in the context of the problem.
AP expects ALL FOUR, do not skip step 1!

20. See Handout for article: Teens Say Sex Can Wait
Example:
See Handout for article: Teens Say Sex Can Wait

21. Choosing the Sample Size
To determine the sample size n that will yield a level C confidence interval for a population proportion p with a maximum margin of error ME, solve the following inequality for n:
𝑧 ∗ 𝒑 (1− 𝒑 ) 𝑛 ≤ ME
Where 𝒑 is a guessed value for the sample proportion. The margin of error will always be less than or equal to ME if you take the guess of 𝒑 to be 0.5.

22. Objectives Conditions For estimating p, why we use 𝒑
Standard deviation Standard Error
Calculating Confidence Intervals for p
statistic ± (critical value) · (standard deviation of statistic)
How do we find the critical Value
One Sample Z interval for a Population Proportion
Formula, by hand Calculator efficiency
Conditions of Constructing Confidence Intervals
Putting it all together: The 4 steps to ALWAYS cover.
Choosing the sample size

23. Homework
Worksheet