1. Remember concept maps?

2. Concept Map: Objective: learn to link terms with ideas covered in class Terms: carbohydrate, simple carb, fast carbs, added sugar, natural sugar, lactose, fructose, glucose, sucrose, complex carb, slow carbs, fiber, glycogen, starch, grains, honey, soda, plain yogurt, fruit, liver glycogen, muscle glycogen Practice: Draw a diagram logically linking all of the terms. dietary carbohydrates

3. Dietary Carbohydrate Simple carb fast Complex carb slow Fructose Glucose blood glucose Lactose Sucrose Honey candy soda Added sugar Fruit Natural sugar FiberStarch & Fiber Veg, grains, grain by-products Milk, plain yogurt Natural sugar Glycogen Our storage form of glucose No glycogen in food Fruit

4. Blood Sugar Lows and Highs

5. Tools for Control-Overview  Insulin  Protein based, pancreatic hormone  Acts like a key to let glucose into cells  Lowers blood glucose level (BSL)  Glucagon  Protein based, pancreatic hormone  Raises BSL by breaking down glycogen  Goal BSL ~80-100 mg % …or  TROUBLE

6. dizzy, confused sweaty, rapid heart rate grouchy, anxious Low blood sugar

7. Hypoglycemia (Low BSL)  Acute danger but uncommon condition  Need glucose in blood 24/7  Treatment  simple carb (sugars) immediately  Preventing hypoglycemia No meal skipping Include healthy complex carb/protein at meals Limit simple and reduce/avoid‘added’sugar

8. What happens….??? Diabetes!

9. Diabetes Projections: 2000 to 2030

10. Diabetes Mellitus (DM)  Hyperglycemia (high fasting BSL)  Cause: not enough or ineffective Insulin  Result: too much sugar in blood-not enough in cell  Consequence: cells/tissues are glucose starved chronic inflammation occurs blood lipids and pressure rise, arteries harden tissue/cell function declines

11. DM: A chronic, progressive disease  Common consequences Heart disease (#1 cause-diabetic deaths) Blindness Amputations Kidney disease

12. Renal Dialysis

13. Classifications of Diabetes  Type 1 Uncommon Inadequate insulin Treatment requires insulin healthy diet regular exercise

14. Classifications of Diabetes  Type 2 Majority of cases Ineffective insulin Treatment: Medical  pills/injections Lifestyle  diet/exercise/stress mgt.

15.  Trickle in healthy carbs thru day  No meal skipping  Limit added sugar  Replace saturated (animal) with unsat. (plant) fats  Achieve a healthy weight  Quit smoking  Daily exercise Managing BSL: your ideas?

16. Concept Map: Terms: blood sugar (glucose), hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, glucagon, insulin, Type 1 diabetes (DM), Type 2 diabetes, ineffective insulin, inadequate insulin. Note: You can use descriptors along your arrows e.g. increases, decreases, released, etc. Draw a diagram logically linking all of the terms. Blood Sugar Level

17. Blood Sugar (glucose) Level HyperglycemiaHypoglycemia Glucagon released Inadequate Insulin Ineffective insulin DM Type 1DM Type 2 Release liver glycogen BSL Concept Map: controlling BSL Insulin released BSL