1. Kinetic Particle Theory

2. Recap Physical Properties of Ionic and Covalent compounds -Melting and Boiling Point -Electrical Conductivity -Solubility in water Mp and bpElectrical conductivity Solubility in water Ionic Compound HighYes. Only in molten and aqueous state. Yes. Covalent Compound LowNot for all states. No.

3. Recap Questions: What is/are the states that ionic compounds usually exist as at r.t.p (room temperature and pressure)? What about covalent molecules? Can ionic compound exist as other states? What do you need to do to change state? How does it happen?

4. Lesson Objectives Describe the solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter Describe the solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

5. WHAT IS A MATTER? (a)Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. (b)All matter is made up of tiny particles (atoms, molecules or ions). Use of the general term 'particle' means the precise nature of the particles does not have to be specified. (c)Matters can exist in 3 states: Solid, Liquid and gas.

6. These three forms of matter are called the states of matter. As shown here, water (liquid) can exist as ice (solid) or water vapour (gas).

7. MAKE OBSERVATIONS Look at the purple spot and orange spot….. What do you see? Why do you think it behave that way?

8. Food for thought….. Why do you smell a hamburger from a distance away? What about perfumes? How are the bees attracted to the flowers? When you place a small piece of food into boiling water, what do you observe to it?

9. KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER The kinetic particle theory is a model used to explain the properties of matter. Kinetic Theory of Matter states that: (i)All matter is made up of tiny particles and they exist as atoms, molecules or ions. (The particles are attracted to each other by attractive forces)

10. KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER (ii)The particles are always in continuous random motion and hence possess kinetic energy. **(The kinetic energy of a particle increases with temperature and pressure, the higher the temperature and pressure, the faster the particles move. At fixed temperature, lighter particles move faster than heavier particles.)

11. KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER The particles in a substance are of the same type, in solid, liquid or gaseous state. The differ only in their arrangement how strongly the particles are held together and the amount of kinetic energies that they possess. Kinetic theory can be used to explain how solids, liquids and gases differ in movement and arrangement.

12. Group Work (5mins for discussion) Get into groups of 4. Discuss about How do molecules of matter behave? How do the behaviour of particles account for the property of solid, liquid and gas?(Each group’ll be allocated 1 state) Selected groups will role play on the movement of the particles in the particular state allocated.

13. 3 states of matter (Difference) PropertySolidLiquidGas VolumeFixed Not Fixed ShapeFixedNot Fixed Compressibility Not compressible compressible DensityVery DenseDenseNot dense Packing and arrangement between particles Closely packed in an orderly arrangement Closely packed in an disorderly arrangement Far apart in random arrangement.

14. 3 states of matter (Difference) PropertySolidLiquidGas Forces of Attraction between particles Very strong forces of attraction between particles Strong forces of attraction between particles Negligible forces of attraction between particles Motion of particles Vibrate about a fixed position Slide and roll pass each other Move about randomly at high speed Energy of particles Least energy Most energy

15. 3 states of matter (Difference) PropertySolidLiquidGas Diagrammatic Representation

16. solid liquid gas http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/ http://www.educationusingpowerpoint.org.uk/index.html?ks3science.html~mainFrame

17. The Solid State

18. Arrangement of particles (In a solid) Arrangement and movement of particles Properties of solids The particles are closely packed together, with little empty space between them. Solids have and. The particles are in an orderly arrangement. Solid crystals have flat faces, and sharp points high densities cannot be compressed straight edges

19. The particles are held together by strong forces of attraction between them, in fixed positions. Solids have shapes and be compressed. The particles can only vibrate about their fixed positions. Arrangement of particles (In a solid) Arrangement and movement of particles Properties of solids fixed cannot

20. The Liquid State

21. Arrangement of particles (In a Liquid) Arrangement and movement of particles Properties of Liquids The particles are closely packed together (but slightly further apart than those in solid), with little empty space between them. Liquids have densities and be compressed. The particles are in a disorderly arrangement. Liquids have fixed shapes. moderately high cannot no

22. Arrangement of particles (In a Liquid) Arrangement and movement of particles Properties of Liquids The particles are held together by strong forces of attraction between them (but slightly weaker than the forces in a solid) Liquids be compressed. The particles can move past one another and throughout the liquid. Liquids can and take the of their containers. cannot flow shape

23. The Gaseous State

24. Arrangement of particles (In a Gas) Arrangement and movement of particles Properties of Gas The particles are far apart, with a lot of empty space between them. Gases have densities and can be compressed. The particles are in a random arrangement. Gases have shapes. low easily no

25. Arrangement of particles (In a Gas) Arrangement and movement of particles Properties of Gas There are no (negligible) forces of attraction between the particles. Gases can be compressed, hence volume. The particles are free to move randomly in all directions, at high speed. Gases have no shapes and take the of their containers. easily no definite definite shape

27. What we covered for today: Kinetic Particle Theory Says that all matter consists of many, very small particles. The particles are constantly moving or in a continual state of motion. The particles might be atoms, molecules or ions.

28. Solids… Particles close together In an orderly arrangement

29. Solids…. Particles vibrate only about fixed positions. These vibrations increase as temperature increases. The degree to which the particles move is determined by the amount of energy they have and their relationship to other particles. The particles have less energy than particles in liquids and gases. Strong forces between particles.

30. Liquids…. Particles close together In a disorderly arrangement

31. Liquids… Particles vibrate and move throughout the liquid. Particles in liquids have more energy than solids but less energy than gases. Strong forces between particles.

32. Gas…. Particles are arranged far apart and in random movement. Particles vibrate and move anywhere. Particles in gases have more energy than solids and liquids. No forces between particles.

33. Solids… Liquids… Gas… SOLID LIQUID GAS Particles close together In an orderly arrangement Particles close together In a disorderly arrangement Particles far apart In a random arrangement Particles arrangement Particles vibration About fixed positions Vibrate about and move through liquid Vibrate about and move anywhere

34. Solids… Liquids… Gas… SOLID LIQUID GAS Forces between particles Strong forces No forces Energy in particles Least energy Energy Most energy

35. Solid? Liquid? Gas? What determines the state of matter? SOLID LIQUID GAS

36. Solid? Liquid? Gas? States of the matter can be inter-converted without changing its composition. SOLID LIQUID GAS

37. Next Lesson Explain their inter-conversion of states in terms of the kinetic particle theory. Explain their inter-conversion of states in terms of the kinetic particle theory. Explain the inter-conversion of states in terms of the energy changes involved. Explain the inter-conversion of states in terms of the energy changes involved. In the next lesson, you will be learning on:

38. Change of State Melting Boiling & Evaporation Condensation Freezing Sublimation condensation

39. Changes of State and the Kinetic Particle Theory Melting, freezing, boiling and condensation are examples of changes of state.