1. System Implementation
System Analysis and Design
System Implementation
- Mr. Ahmad Al-Ghoul
In the pervious sequence we explained the operational and test environment, training plan and data conversion process. In this sequence we will describe the system changeover methods, explain the post implementation evaluation and the final report that you will deliver to management

2. System Analysis and Design System Implemantation
learning Objectives
Identify and describe changeover methods
Explain post-implementation evaluation
Describe the final report to management
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

3. System Analysis and Design System Implemantation
System Changeover
System changeover is the process of putting the new information system online and retiring the old system
The four changeover methods are direct cutover, parallel operation, pilot operation, and phased operation
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

4. System Analysis and Design System Implemantation
System Changeover
Direct Cutover
The direct cutover approach causes the changeover from the old system to the new system to occur immediately when the new system becomes operational.
Usually is the least expensive changeover method
Involves more risk than other changeover methods, because some difficulties can arise when the system goes into operation
Detecting minor errors is more difficult because users cannot verify current output by comparing it to output from the old system
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

5. System Analysis and Design System Implemantation
System Changeover
Direct Cutover
Most systems operate on weekly, monthly, quarterly, and yearly cycles
Companies often choose the direct cutover method for implementing commercial software packages
Cyclical information systems usually are converted using the direct cutover method at the beginning of a quarter, calendar year, or fiscal year
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

6. System Analysis and Design System Implemantation
System Changeover
Parallel Operation
The parallel operation changeover method requires that both the old and the new information systems operate fully for a specified period.
Data is input into both systems, and output generated by the new system is compared with the equivalent output from the old system.
The obvious advantage is lower risk
If the new system does not work correctly, you can use the old system as a backup
Easier to verify that the new system is working properly under parallel operation than under direct cutover
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

7. System Analysis and Design System Implemantation
System Changeover
Parallel Operation
It is the most costly changeover method
Running both systems might place a burden on the operating environment and cause processing delay
Is not practical if the old and new systems are incompatible technically
Also is inappropriate when the two systems perform different functions
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

8. System Analysis and Design System Implemantation
System Changeover
Pilot Operation
The pilot operation changeover method involves implementing the complete new system at a selected location of the company.
The group that uses the new system first is called the pilot site
The old system continues to operate for the entire organization
After the system proves successful at the pilot site, it is implemented in the rest of the organization, usually using the direct cutover method
Restricting the implementation to a pilot site reduces the risk of system failure
Is a combination of parallel operation and direct cutover methods
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

9. System Analysis and Design System Implemantation
System Changeover
Phased Operation
The phased operation method allows you to implement a new system in stages, or modules.
You give a part of the system to all users
The risk of errors or failures is limited to the implemented module only
Is less expensive than full parallel operation
Is not possible, however, if the system cannot be separated easily into logical modules or segments
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

10. System Analysis and Design System Implemantation
System Changeover
Relative risk and cost characteristics of the four changeover methods.
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

11. Post-Implementation Tasks
A post-implementation evaluation assesses the overall quality of the information system.
The evaluation verifies that the new system meets specified requirements, complies with user objectives, and achieves the anticipated benefits.
In addition, by providing feedback to the development team, the evaluation also helps improve IT development practices for future projects.
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

12. Post-Implementation Tasks
Post-Implementation Evaluation
Includes feedback for the following areas:
Accuracy, completeness, and timeliness of information system output
User satisfaction
System reliability and maintainability
Adequacy of system controls and security measures
Hardware efficiency and platform performance
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

13. Post-Implementation Tasks
Post-Implementation Evaluation
Includes feedback for the following areas:
Effectiveness of data base implementation
Performance of the IT team
Completeness and quality of documentation
Quality and effectiveness of training
Accuracy of cost-benefit estimates and development schedules
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

14. Post-Implementation Tasks
Post-Implementation Evaluation
When evaluating a system, you should:
Interview members of management and key users
Observe users and computer operations personnel actually working with the new information system
Read all documentation and training materials
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

15. Post-Implementation Tasks
Post-Implementation Evaluation
When evaluating a system, you should:
Examine all source documents, output reports, and screen displays
Use questionnaires to gather information and opinions form a large number of users
Analyze maintenance and help desk logs
Whenever possible, people who were not directly involved in developing the system should conduct the post-implementation evaluation
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

16. Post-Implementation Tasks
Post-Implementation Evaluation
Users can forget details of the developmental effort if too much time elapses
Pressure to finish the project sooner usually results in an earlier evaluation in order to allow the IT department to move on to other tasks
Ideally, conducting a post-implementation evaluation should be standard practice for all information systems projects
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

17. Why Implementation Sometimes Fails
Two conditions necessary for a successful implementation
Management support of the system under development
Involvement of users in the development process
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

18. Why Implementation Sometimes Fails
Insights about implementation process
Risk
Commitment to the project
Commitment to change
Extent of project definition and planning
Realistic user expectations
Implementation success factors
Extent to which system is used
User’s satisfaction with system
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

19. Post-Implementation Tasks
Final Report to Management
Your report should include the following:
Final versions of all system documentation
Planned modifications and enhancements to the system that have been identified
Recap of all systems development costs and schedules
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

20. Post-Implementation Tasks
Final Report to Management
Your report should include the following:
A comparison of actual costs and schedules to the original estimates
Post-implementation evaluation, if it has been performed.
The final report to management marks the end of systems development work
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

21. System Analysis and Design System Implemantation
Sequence Summary
System changeover is the process of putting the new system into operation
Four changeover methods exist: direct cutover, parallel operation, pilot operation, and phased operation
A post-implementation evaluation assesses and reports on the quality of the new system and the work done by the project team
The evaluation should be conducted early so users have a fresh recollection of the development effort, but not before users have experience using the new system
The final report to management includes the final system documentation, describes any future system enhancements that already have been identified, and details the project costs
The report represents the end of the development effort and the beginning of the new system’s operational life
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

22. System Analysis and Design System Implemantation
Sequence Summary
In this Sequence we have
Identified and described changeover methods including, direct cutover, parallel operation, pilot operation, and phased operation
Explained post-implementation evaluation tasks
Discussed why implementation sometimes fails
Explained the importance of final report to managers and what it should includes
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation

23. System Analysis and Design System Implemantation
Reference
[1] System Analysis and Design, Sixth Edition
Authors: Gary B. Shelly, Thomas J. Cashman and Harry J. Rosenblatt
Publisher: SHELLY CASHMAN SEWIES.
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System Analysis and Design System Implemantation