1. Development of Sustainable Power for Electrical Resources – SuPER System EE 563 Graduate Seminar September 30, 2005 James G. Harris, Professor EE Department and CPE Program

2. Outline Background Background Technical Description of SuPER System Technical Description of SuPER System Feasibility Analysis Feasibility Analysis Five Year Plan for Development Five Year Plan for Development Faculty Participating in SuPER Project Faculty Participating in SuPER Project Student Involvement Student Involvement Facilities, Equipment, and Resources Facilities, Equipment, and Resources Status and Plans Status and Plans

3. Background - Electrification Electrification – National Academy of Engineering’s top engineering achievement for the 20 th Century Electrification – National Academy of Engineering’s top engineering achievement for the 20 th Century Estimated 1/3 of population (now, 6B) do not have access Estimated 1/3 of population (now, 6B) do not have access –Significant proportion of remainder does not have reliable access to battery or grid –18,000 occupied structures on Navajo Nation lack electrical power (2001 legislation)

4. Background - Significance Impact of electrification significant Impact of electrification significant –Transformation of Western world Thomas Hughes: Networks of Power Thomas Hughes: Networks of Power –People who caused change –Social Impact – standard of living Recognized by National Renewable Energy Laboratory in late 1990s Recognized by National Renewable Energy Laboratory in late 1990s –Village Power Program –Development of microfinancing

5. Background – Solar Insolation Goal to provide electrical resources to people in underdeveloped countries Goal to provide electrical resources to people in underdeveloped countries Leapfrog technology – no need for 100 years of development Leapfrog technology – no need for 100 years of development –Example of cell phone in Asia Review of global insolation map Review of global insolation map –Poorest people ($1-2 a day income) –Within plus or minus 30 degree of latitude Highest values of solar insolation (minimum W hr/sq m/day) Highest values of solar insolation (minimum W hr/sq m/day)

7. Background – DC Power Solar photovoltaic systems inherently DC Solar photovoltaic systems inherently DC History of DC (Edison) versus AC (Westinghouse and Tesla) at end of 19 th century History of DC (Edison) versus AC (Westinghouse and Tesla) at end of 19 th century –DC versus AC for generation, distribution, and utilization –Initially, applied to lighting Lighting today Lighting today –60W incandescent bulb and 20W compact fluorescent bulb lumens –Equivalent to 3W LED technology, and improving

8. Background – DC power loads Efficiency of electrical motors: few horsepower Efficiency of electrical motors: few horsepower –Permanent magnet DC motors Electrical appliances Electrical appliances –Computer: 50W laptop (DC) –TVs, radios use DC power –RV 12V DC market: kitchen appliances –Portable power tools – battery powered (DC) Computers: wireless connection Computers: wireless connection –Internet, phone (voice over IP), TV, radio, –Education: MIT Media Lab $100 laptop project

9. Background – Moore’s Law Stand-alone solar photovoltaic system technology is mature, e.g., Sandia Handbook Stand-alone solar photovoltaic system technology is mature, e.g., Sandia Handbook Application of Moore’s Law to development of SuPER system Application of Moore’s Law to development of SuPER system –Solar cell development: commercial and research lab Estimate 5% per decade with base of 16% in 2005 Estimate 5% per decade with base of 16% in 2005 Implies 25% efficiency in 2025 Implies 25% efficiency in 2025 –DARPA RFP: 1000 units of 50% efficiency

10. Commercial Module Range Laboratory Cells Histories of Silicon Photovoltaic Module and Cell Efficiencies Ref.: Martin A. Green; "Silicon Photovoltaic Modules: A Brief History of the First 50 Years"; Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2005; 13:447–455 (Published online 18 April 2005 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/pip.612)

11. April Allderdice and John H. Rogers; Renewable Energy for Microenterprise; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; November 2000

12. Antonio C. Jimenez, Tom Lawand; Renewable Energy for Rural Schools; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; November 2000

13. Jonathan O.V. Touryan and Kenell J. Touryan; Renewable Energy for Sustainable Rural Village Power; Presented at the American Scientific Affiliation Conference Arkansas August 1, 1999 National Renewable Energy Laboratory

14. Background – Solar and DC Power Conclusion Conclusion –Solar photovoltaic is poised for leapfrog technology Many development tools available Many development tools available Expectation of future efficiencies Expectation of future efficiencies Sustainable power source Sustainable power source Digital control of standalone system Digital control of standalone system –DC is power of future Decentralized Decentralized Matched to source and loads Matched to source and loads

15. Technical Description of SuPER System DC InterfaceControl and Status Solar Panel Energy Storage (Battery) Modular design: four subsystems Stand-alone solar photovoltaic system design very mature

16. Technical Description of SuPER System – approach and goals Approach to design from first principles Approach to design from first principles Created set of five sets of requirements Created set of five sets of requirements –Overall, and a set for each subsystem Overall goal: Overall goal: –Mean time between failures (MTBF): 25 years –Mean time to repair (MTTR): 1 hour –Design lifecycle of 20 years –Cost: less than $500 for 1 sq m PV module including battery replacements

17. Technical Description of SuPER System - requirements Overall system requirements (abbreviated) Overall system requirements (abbreviated) –Total power/energy budget: input, storage, output –Measurements and definition of state –Safety: NEC/standards code, grounding –Mechanical design: enclosure/packaging –Startup and shutdown, error detection/recovery –Documentation: General Public License (Open Source)

18. Technical Description of SuPER System - requirements Solar Panel requirements (abbreviated) Solar Panel requirements (abbreviated) –Size: 1, 2, 4 sq m modular design –Voltage (DC); 12V, 24V, 48V –Fixed tilt @ latitude + or – 15 deg –Modularity: parallel/series, interface DC sources –Maintenance –Measurements: voltage/current; spectral and temporal characterization; temperature

19. Technical Description of SuPER System - requirements Energy storage requirements (abbreviated) Energy storage requirements (abbreviated) –Type: deep cycle, AGM-gel, Ni-Cd –Maintenance minimal (clean terminals) –Replacement schedule: every 5-10 years –Safety and sustainability –Measurements: charging and discharging –Grounding and mechanical

20. Technical Description of SuPER System - requirements DC interface requirements (abbreviated) DC interface requirements (abbreviated) –Single or multiple DC outputs: model of AC 110V input service bus with multiple circuits –Currents: use of AWG 12 or 14 implies 15A –Circuit breakers, GFI, overload for motors –Characterization of DC electrical loads –Modular design for load growth –Forum for DC standarization: model of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

21. Technical Description of SuPER System- requirements Control and status module requirements (abbreviated) Control and status module requirements (abbreviated) –Digital development technology: example is Altera FPGA/NIOS with uclinux OS, internet I/F –Switching of array power with conditioning –User display/interface –Digital control algorithms: maximum power point tracking (MPPT), softstart for power switching –Safety and grounding –Enclosure with environmental conditioning

22. Feasibility Analysis Worst case global solar radiation: 4 KW h / sq m per day Worst case global solar radiation: 4 KW h / sq m per day Solar cell efficiency of 10% yields 400 W h / sq m Solar cell efficiency of 10% yields 400 W h / sq m Solar module of 1 sq m for 400 W h per day Solar module of 1 sq m for 400 W h per day Energy storage at 12V with discharge of 50% yields 66 A h battery Energy storage at 12V with discharge of 50% yields 66 A h battery –Car/truck battery –Five year replacement

23. Feasibility Analysis Lighting: 5 LED lamps @ 3W for 4 hours yields 60 W h Lighting: 5 LED lamps @ 3W for 4 hours yields 60 W h Water pump: ¼ HP (187 W) for one hour Water pump: ¼ HP (187 W) for one hour –565 liters at maximum heigth of 7.62 m (garden hose) Computer and communication: 50 W for one hour Computer and communication: 50 W for one hour Refrigerator (12V DC) @ 50 W h Refrigerator (12V DC) @ 50 W h Portable battery charging @ 50 W h Portable battery charging @ 50 W h

24. Feasibility Analysis Daily Source (W h) Solar energy production400 Total energy use allocation 397 Lighting 60 Pump/motor187 Computer/communications 50 Refrigerator 50 Portable battery charging 50 Energy storage: 12V AGM lead acid battery rated at 66 A h (one day supply for 50% discharge)

25. Feasibility Analysis Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) –SunWize Systems model DC30 75/100 –Manufacturer suggested retail price $1469 –Solar power generator system Self-contained 12V DC with battery storage Self-contained 12V DC with battery storage 190 W h with input solar radiation of 4 K w h / day 190 W h with input solar radiation of 4 K w h / day Marketed for emergency power applications Marketed for emergency power applications AC output models available AC output models available

26. Five Year Plan for Development Summary of development process Summary of development process –First three years for prototype development Three generations at one year for each Three generations at one year for each Use of Electric Power Institute for administration Use of Electric Power Institute for administration –Last two years for field testing –Five years for completed design and testing Includes business plan, documentation and dissemination Includes business plan, documentation and dissemination

27. Five Year Plan for Development First year activities First year activities –First generation functional design Use of 20-101 power senior project lab Use of 20-101 power senior project lab Set up development environment Set up development environment –FPGA and uclinux OS Using EE/CPE senior project and thesis Using EE/CPE senior project and thesis Prototype goal: satisfy all functional requirements Prototype goal: satisfy all functional requirements –Marketing plans with OCOB students Winter 06 client for BUS 454 Developing and Presenting Marketing Plans/Senior Project Winter 06 client for BUS 454 Developing and Presenting Marketing Plans/Senior Project –At least three marketing plans proposed:  USA investors for SuPER development  Indigenous entrepreneurs business opportunity  Indigenous consumers for SuPER system

28. Five Year Plan for Development Second year activities Second year activities –Second generation prototype addressing: modularity, manufacturing, reliability, maintainability, cost, packaging modularity, manufacturing, reliability, maintainability, cost, packaging –Development of involvement of student clubs –Extensive system testing and evaluation –Initiation of business plan –Establishment of DC standards forum

29. Five Year Plan for Development Third year of activities Third year of activities –Third generation SuPER prototype addressing: Packaging Packaging Satisfies all functional and performance requirements Satisfies all functional and performance requirements Cost requirements satisfied Cost requirements satisfied Extensive testing and evaluation Extensive testing and evaluation –Complete open source documentation of SuPER System: GPL compliant –Growth of DC standard forum development activities –Business plans disseminated Targeted entrepreneurs within countries of interest Targeted entrepreneurs within countries of interest –Plan for field testing in fourth year Potential of Navajo Nation developed Potential of Navajo Nation developed

30. Five Year Plan for Development Fourth and fifth year of activities: Fourth and fifth year of activities: –Assessment of SuPER system Improvement of design and construction Improvement of design and construction MTBF of 25 years, MTTR of 1 hour MTBF of 25 years, MTTR of 1 hour 20 year lifecycle cost < $500 20 year lifecycle cost < $500 Update of SuPER system open source documentation Update of SuPER system open source documentation –Pilot projects initiated and evaluated –DC standards forum publishes DC standard –Revised business plan disseminated

31. Faculty Participating on SuPER Project Administrated by Electric Power Institute Administrated by Electric Power Institute –Dr. Ahmad Nafisi, Director Collaboration with CENG Center for Sustainability in Engineering Collaboration with CENG Center for Sustainability in Engineering –Dr. Deanna Richards, Director EE/CPE faculty initially involved: EE/CPE faculty initially involved: –Drs. James G. Harris, Ahmad Nafisi, Ali Shaban, Taufik OCOB faculty initially involved: OCOB faculty initially involved: –Dr. Doug Cerf, Associate Dean –Dr. Norm Borin, Chair of Marketing Area

32. Student Involvement EE graduate students for thesis work in system engineering EE graduate students for thesis work in system engineering –Overall system requirements, design, integration and testing –System design for status and control EE and CPE students for senior projects in subsystem development EE and CPE students for senior projects in subsystem development –Design and testing of subsystems OCOB students for senior projects in BUS 454 for marketing plans OCOB students for senior projects in BUS 454 for marketing plans Development of a Cal Poly SuPER team Development of a Cal Poly SuPER team

33. Student Involvement Initially work with resources available Initially work with resources available –Adequate for start, just lengthens schedule Plan to acquire support for not only additional resources, but also students Plan to acquire support for not only additional resources, but also students Faculty to provide continuing direction through “generations” of students working on SuPER project Faculty to provide continuing direction through “generations” of students working on SuPER project

34. Facilities, Equipment and Resources Solar panel system available in EE Department – see photo Solar panel system available in EE Department – see photo Development laboratory to be established in power senior project laboratory (20-101) Development laboratory to be established in power senior project laboratory (20-101) Resources of Power Electronics Laboratory available (20-104) Resources of Power Electronics Laboratory available (20-104) Basic infrastructure for system development exists at Cal Poly Basic infrastructure for system development exists at Cal Poly

35. 450-W 24-V Solar Panels on mobile station, 40-Amp charge controller, Solar Boost MPPT, and 2 Deka Solar Sealed Electrolyte Batteries; lab also has a 3.5 kW Outback All-In-One (MPPT, Charge Controller, and Inverter) to accommodate future expansion of the solar panel system.

36. Status and Plans - foundations Support solicited over summer from foundations: Support solicited over summer from foundations: –MacArthur –Rockefeller Brothers –Energy Foundation –Ford –Hewlett –Packard –Clairborne (Liz) and Art Ortenbery –Gates –Kaufman “it does not fall within either of their current funding priorities and/or guidelines.” “it does not fall within either of their current funding priorities and/or guidelines.”

37. Status and Plans - NSF Submitted proposal to National Science Foundation on September 23, 2005 Submitted proposal to National Science Foundation on September 23, 2005 –RUI: Development of Sustainable Power for Electrical Resources – SuPER System –Research in Undergraduate Institutions (RUI) Program Announcement within its Faculty Research Projects area for three years and total of $240K –Submitted to Control, Networks & Computation Intelligence (CCNI) program within Electrical & Communications and Systems (ECS) Division of the Engineering Directorate

38. Status and Plans - start Initiate the effort with existing resources Initiate the effort with existing resources –Senior projects and thesis work Engineering – technical Engineering – technical Business – economic Business – economic –Establish DC web-based forum –Continue to involve other faculty and students

39. Why? Broader Impact of SuPER Project Provides family owned electrical power source Provides family owned electrical power source –Only electrical power source for family –Increasing power resource with time –With financial business plan: $2-3 per month for all electrical power needs Decentralized, sustainable development of electrical power in poorest countries Decentralized, sustainable development of electrical power in poorest countries SuPER system potential resource for raising standard of living of poorest to par with rest of world SuPER system potential resource for raising standard of living of poorest to par with rest of world

40. Broader Impact Priority and focus on developing sustainable electrical resource for poorest people Priority and focus on developing sustainable electrical resource for poorest people Success will provide model for people in developed nations Success will provide model for people in developed nations –Recognize commitment to status quo –Centralized AC power generation with distribution –Review current PG&E bill –Replace with sustainable distributed DC power

42. Interested in Participating? Check out SuPER website: http://www.ee.calpoly.edu/~jharris/research/research.html Check out SuPER website: http://www.ee.calpoly.edu/~jharris/research/research.html http://www.ee.calpoly.edu/~jharris/research/research.html –Announcement of opportunities –White Paper –Graduate Seminar Presentation Visit with faculty involved: Visit with faculty involved: –EE: Jim Harris, Ahmad Nafisi, Ali Shaban, Taufik –OCOB: Doug Cerf, Norm Borin

43. References 1. George Constable, Bob Somerville; A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements that Transformed our Lives; National Academy of Engineering; 2003; overview available at http://www.greatachievements.org/ 1. George Constable, Bob Somerville; A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements that Transformed our Lives; National Academy of Engineering; 2003; overview available at http://www.greatachievements.org/ http://www.greatachievements.org/ 2. Jonathan O.V. Touryan, Kenell J. Touryan; "Renewable Energy for 2. Jonathan O.V. Touryan, Kenell J. Touryan; "Renewable Energy for Sustainable Rural Village Power"; Presented at the American Scientific Affiliation Sustainable Rural Village Power"; Presented at the American Scientific Affiliation Conference Arkansas August 1999, available from NREL as NREL/CP-720-26871 Conference Arkansas August 1999, available from NREL as NREL/CP-720-26871 [hybrid system for nrel village power program report [hybrid system for nrel village power program report 3. Begay-Campbell, Sandia National Laboratories; "Sustainable Hybrid System Deployment with the Navajo Tribal Utility Authority"; NCPV and Solar Program Review Meeting 2003 NREL/CD-520- 33586 Page 541; available at http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv_prm/pdfs/33586073.pdf [estimated date 2003, describes program resulting from "On November 5, 2001, President Bush signed the Navajo Nation Electrification Demonstration Program (Section 602, Public Law 106-511) into Law. This law directs the Secretary of Energy to establish a 5-year program to assist the Navajo Nation in meeting its electricity needs for the estimated 18,000 occupied structures on the Navajo Nation that lack electric power."] 3. Begay-Campbell, Sandia National Laboratories; "Sustainable Hybrid System Deployment with the Navajo Tribal Utility Authority"; NCPV and Solar Program Review Meeting 2003 NREL/CD-520- 33586 Page 541; available at http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv_prm/pdfs/33586073.pdf [estimated date 2003, describes program resulting from "On November 5, 2001, President Bush signed the Navajo Nation Electrification Demonstration Program (Section 602, Public Law 106-511) into Law. This law directs the Secretary of Energy to establish a 5-year program to assist the Navajo Nation in meeting its electricity needs for the estimated 18,000 occupied structures on the Navajo Nation that lack electric power."] 4. Thomas P. Hughes; Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983 4. Thomas P. Hughes; Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983 5. Thomas P. Hughes; American Genesis A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm 1870-1970; Penguin Books; 1989 5. Thomas P. Hughes; American Genesis A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm 1870-1970; Penguin Books; 1989 6. David Nye; Electrifying America Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940; MIT Press; 1990 6. David Nye; Electrifying America Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940; MIT Press; 1990

44. References 7. Antonio C. Jimenez, Tom Lawand; "Renewable Energy for Rural Schools"; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; November 2000 7. Antonio C. Jimenez, Tom Lawand; "Renewable Energy for Rural Schools"; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; November 2000 [report from village power program at nrel – covers all renewable sources] [report from village power program at nrel – covers all renewable sources] 8. April Allderdice, John H. Rogers; Renewable Energy for Microenterprise; NREL: November 2000; available from http://www.gvep.org/content/article/detail/8508 8. April Allderdice, John H. Rogers; Renewable Energy for Microenterprise; NREL: November 2000; available from http://www.gvep.org/content/article/detail/8508http://www.gvep.org/content/article/detail/8508 [microfinance introduction for renewable energy in underdevelopment countries] [microfinance introduction for renewable energy in underdevelopment countries] 9. Ulrich Stutenbaumer, Tesfaye Negash, Amensisa Abdi; "Performance of small scale photovoltaic systems and their potential for rural electrification in Ethiopia"; Renewable Energy 18 (1999) pp 35-48 9. Ulrich Stutenbaumer, Tesfaye Negash, Amensisa Abdi; "Performance of small scale photovoltaic systems and their potential for rural electrification in Ethiopia"; Renewable Energy 18 (1999) pp 35-48 [authored by locals, but dated – example of early recognition of possibilities] [authored by locals, but dated – example of early recognition of possibilities] 10. Sunwize Technologies; http://www.sunwize.com/; insolation map available at http://www.sunwize.com/info_center/insolmap.htm 10. Sunwize Technologies; http://www.sunwize.com/; insolation map available at http://www.sunwize.com/info_center/insolmap.htmhttp://www.sunwize.com/ http://www.sunwize.com/info_center/insolmap.htmhttp://www.sunwize.com/ http://www.sunwize.com/info_center/insolmap.htm [on-line catalog and interactive planning support; global insolation map] [on-line catalog and interactive planning support; global insolation map] 11. Evan Mills; "The Specter of Fuel-Based Lighting"; Science; v. 308, 27 May 2005, pp 1263- 1264 11. Evan Mills; "The Specter of Fuel-Based Lighting"; Science; v. 308, 27 May 2005, pp 1263- 1264 12. E. Fred Schubert, Jong Kyu Kim; "Solid-State Light Sources Getting Smart"; Science; v. 308, 27 May 2005, pp 1274-1278 12. E. Fred Schubert, Jong Kyu Kim; "Solid-State Light Sources Getting Smart"; Science; v. 308, 27 May 2005, pp 1274-1278 13. Thurton, J.P. and Stafford, B; "Successful Design of PV Power Systems for Solid-State Lighting Applications"; Fourth International Conference on Solid State Lighting; 3-6 August, 2004, Denver. Colorado / Proc. of SPIE; v. 5530; 2004; pp284-295 13. Thurton, J.P. and Stafford, B; "Successful Design of PV Power Systems for Solid-State Lighting Applications"; Fourth International Conference on Solid State Lighting; 3-6 August, 2004, Denver. Colorado / Proc. of SPIE; v. 5530; 2004; pp284-295 [mainly lessons learned] [mainly lessons learned]

45. References 14. MIT Media Lab; http://laptop.media.mit.edu/ 14. MIT Media Lab; http://laptop.media.mit.edu/ 15. Sandia National Laboratories, Solar Programs and Technologies Department; Southwest Technology Development Institute, New Mexico State University; Daystar, Inc., Las Cruces, NM; "Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems: A Handbook of Recommended Design Practices"; Sandia National Laboratories, SAND87-7023 Updated July 2003 15. Sandia National Laboratories, Solar Programs and Technologies Department; Southwest Technology Development Institute, New Mexico State University; Daystar, Inc., Las Cruces, NM; "Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems: A Handbook of Recommended Design Practices"; Sandia National Laboratories, SAND87-7023 Updated July 2003 [revised handbook first published in 1988] [revised handbook first published in 1988] 16. Kyocera Solar, Inc., Solar Electric Products Catalog, August 2005 16. Kyocera Solar, Inc., Solar Electric Products Catalog, August 2005 [available on web – prices for small modules only] [available on web – prices for small modules only] 17. IEA PVPS International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Photovoltaic Power Systems Task 3 Use of Photovoltaic Power Systems in Stand-Alone and Island 17. IEA PVPS International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Photovoltaic Power Systems Task 3 Use of Photovoltaic Power Systems in Stand-Alone and Island Applications Report IEA PVPS T3-09: 2002 "Use of appliances in Stand-Alone PV Power supply systems: problems and solutions; September 2002 Applications Report IEA PVPS T3-09: 2002 "Use of appliances in Stand-Alone PV Power supply systems: problems and solutions; September 2002 [dos and don'ts for design] [dos and don'ts for design] 18. Alison Wilshaw, Lucy Southgate & Rolf Oldach; "Quality Management of Stand Alone PV Systems: Recommended Practices" IEA Task 3, www.task3.pvps.iea.org 18. Alison Wilshaw, Lucy Southgate & Rolf Oldach; "Quality Management of Stand Alone PV Systems: Recommended Practices" IEA Task 3, www.task3.pvps.iea.orgwww.task3.pvps.iea.org [another report of iea agreement] [another report of iea agreement] 19. Martin A. Green; "Silicon Photovoltaic Modules: A Brief History of the First 19. Martin A. Green; "Silicon Photovoltaic Modules: A Brief History of the First 50 Years"; Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2005; 13:447–455 (Published online 18 April 2005 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/pip.612) 50 Years"; Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2005; 13:447–455 (Published online 18 April 2005 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/pip.612) [history and use of moore's law with darpa rfp; also figure] [history and use of moore's law with darpa rfp; also figure] 20. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) BAA05-21 posted Feb. 25, 2005 RFP— Very High Efficiency Solar Cell (VHESC) program announcement with deadline on 3/29/2005, which will be open at least a year from this date; see http://www.darpa.mil/ato/solicit/VHESC/index.htm 20. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) BAA05-21 posted Feb. 25, 2005 RFP— Very High Efficiency Solar Cell (VHESC) program announcement with deadline on 3/29/2005, which will be open at least a year from this date; see http://www.darpa.mil/ato/solicit/VHESC/index.htm http://www.darpa.mil/ato/solicit/VHESC/index.htm

46. References 21. H. Spanggaard, F.C. Krebs; "A brief history of the development of organic and 21. H. Spanggaard, F.C. Krebs; "A brief history of the development of organic and polymeric photovoltaics"; Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 83 (2004) 125–146 polymeric photovoltaics"; Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 83 (2004) 125–146 [overview in context of inorganic (si) pv's) [overview in context of inorganic (si) pv's) 22. T. Givler, P. Lilienthal; "Using HOMER® Software, NREL’s Micropower Optimization Model, to Explore the Role of Gen-sets in Small Solar Power Systems Case Study: Sri Lanka"; Technical Report NREL/TP-710-36774; May 2005. 22. T. Givler, P. Lilienthal; "Using HOMER® Software, NREL’s Micropower Optimization Model, to Explore the Role of Gen-sets in Small Solar Power Systems Case Study: Sri Lanka"; Technical Report NREL/TP-710-36774; May 2005. 23. David L. King, Thomas D. Hund, William E. Boyson, Mark E. Ralph, Marlene Brown, Ron Orozco; "Experimental Optimization of the FireFly. 600 Photovoltaic Off- Grid System"; Sandia National Laboratories, SAND2003-3493 October 2003 23. David L. King, Thomas D. Hund, William E. Boyson, Mark E. Ralph, Marlene Brown, Ron Orozco; "Experimental Optimization of the FireFly. 600 Photovoltaic Off- Grid System"; Sandia National Laboratories, SAND2003-3493 October 2003 [system and component test with ac inverter; measurement parameters; standards and codes identified, e.g., grounding] [system and component test with ac inverter; measurement parameters; standards and codes identified, e.g., grounding] 24. R. Akkaya*, A. A. Kulaksiz; "A microcontroller-based stand-alone photovoltaic power system for residential appliances"; Applied Energy 78 (2004) 419–431; available at 24. R. Akkaya*, A. A. Kulaksiz; "A microcontroller-based stand-alone photovoltaic power system for residential appliances"; Applied Energy 78 (2004) 419–431; available at www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy [microbased control, but focused on AC output] [microbased control, but focused on AC output]

47. References 25. Angel V. Peterchev, Seth R. Sanders; "Digital Loss-Minimizing Multi- Mode Synchronous Buck Converter Control"; 2004 35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference Aachen, Germany, 2004 25. Angel V. Peterchev, Seth R. Sanders; "Digital Loss-Minimizing Multi- Mode Synchronous Buck Converter Control"; 2004 35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference Aachen, Germany, 2004 [dc to dc for cell phone/computer using digital techniques] [dc to dc for cell phone/computer using digital techniques] 26. Jason Hatashita, "Evaluation of a Network Co-processing Architecture Implemented in Programmable Hardware." EE MS Thesis, February 2002; available at http://www.netprl.calpoly.edu/files/phatfile/papers/masters/jasonH.pdf 26. Jason Hatashita, "Evaluation of a Network Co-processing Architecture Implemented in Programmable Hardware." EE MS Thesis, February 2002; available at http://www.netprl.calpoly.edu/files/phatfile/papers/masters/jasonH.pdf http://www.netprl.calpoly.edu/files/phatfile/papers/masters/jasonH.pdf 27. Homepage for Cal Poly Marketing Program: http://buiznt.cob.calpoly.edu/cob/Mktg/Borin/ ; see client application in lower right hand space 27. Homepage for Cal Poly Marketing Program: http://buiznt.cob.calpoly.edu/cob/Mktg/Borin/ ; see client application in lower right hand space http://buiznt.cob.calpoly.edu/cob/Mktg/Borin/ 28. EE 460/463/464 Senior Seminar/Senior Project Handbook available at: 28. EE 460/463/464 Senior Seminar/Senior Project Handbook available at: http://www.ee.calpoly.edu/listings/29/sphand.pdf] http://www.ee.calpoly.edu/listings/29/sphand.pdf]http://www.ee.calpoly.edu/listings/29/sphand.pdf 29. Muhammad H. Rashid; Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications(3rd Edition); Prentice-Hall; 2004 29. Muhammad H. Rashid; Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications(3rd Edition); Prentice-Hall; 2004