1. Lecture 18 Review the difference between abstract classes and interfaces The Cloneable interface Shallow and deep copies The ActionListener interface, revisited Event adapters Inner classes

2. Abstract classes Abstract classes are ones for which the implementation details must be filled in later, in subclasses

3. Interfaces Unlike C++, Java does not allow “multiple inheritance”. A class can only have one superclass. Interfaces are a way to provide a kind of multiple inheritance without the complexity of C++. When a class implements Comparable, we know we can use the compareTo method A class can implement several interfaces.

4. The Cloneable interface This interface is empty! It does not specify any methods or constants. It is called a tag interface or marker interface. A class must implement the Cloneable interface if it overrides the clone() method in the Object class. When clone() is called at run time, an exception occurs if the implicit parameter object is of a class that does not implement the Cloneable interface.

5. Overriding clone() in the Date class First, Date must specify that it implements the Cloneable interface Then, Date must provide the clone() method. Simplest way is to construct a new Date and copy the contents of the fields explicitly. Alternatively, can invoke super.clone() but then need to catch the CloneNotSupported exception – skip for now Anyway, how does the super method in the Object class know about the fields in Date()? How can it make a cloned copy? Answer: the Object clone method is a native method. It is not written in Java, but is implemented in the JVM for the native platform (machine). It works by simply copying chunks of memory.

6. Shallow and deep copies Suppose Date has another field which is actually an object reference If Date’s implementation of clone() just copies the object reference, the cloned copy will reference the same object, not a copy This is called a shallow copy If this object is immutable, such as a String, this is fine But if it’s mutable, it means that if the object is later changed in the cloned copy, it will also change in the original copy. In this situation, it’s better to make a deep copy by also cloning the object field. Since the Object clone() does not do this, this must be done in the overriding method

7. ActionListener interface extends EventListener interface, which is a tag interface specifies only one method: –public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)

8. Event handling – 3 ingredients The event class, such as ActionEvent, provided by Java library The listener class, such as our class YesListener that implements the ActionListener interface in the Java library The event source, such as a JButton object where the user clicks on the mouse: YesListener must be added to (registered with) the button by calling the method addActionListener

9. Inner classes If the listener wants to do anything interesting, it needs to access the instance variables of the class that calls it - but these are typically private (or local variables, as in our FrameDemo example from last time) Therefore, we put the listener in an inner class. Anonymous inner classes: we don’t need to give the name YesListener to the inner class, but add it directly to the button anonymously (see p.471) –advantage: shorter to write –disadvantage: potentially confusing

10. Returning to FrameDemo Let’s change it so that the listener writes in the JTextField associated with the button that was clicked, instead of calling System.out.println Should be possible since each yes button has its own listener But how, since the body of actionPerformed cannot distinguish which button invoked it? What can actionPerformed access? It cannot access local variables It can access data fields of the class that it is inside Thus, let’s introduce a class YesNoSet, with data fields yesButton, noButton and text, that contains YesListener as an inner class Then we can construct YesNoSet objects inside the double loop and, for each one, add its buttons and text field object to the frame window

11. The MouseListener interface This specifies five abstract methods –mouseClicked –mouseEntered –mouseExited –mousePressed –mouseReleased Each returns void and has an explicit parameter of type MouseEvent MouseEvent and ActionEvent are both descended from AWTEvent, but MouseEvent is much further down the inheritance tree

12. Event adapters Suppose we want to write a listener that implements mouseEntered but none of the other methods Any class that implements the MouseListener interface must implement all the methods However, there is a MouseAdapter class in the library that already implements all the methods as do- nothing methods We can then extend this class by overriding only the methods that we want to do something For example, we can write a class MouseEnteredListener that extends MouseAdapter and overrides only mouseEntered

13. Panels JPanel panel = new JPanel() Good for organizing: can add buttons, etc., to a panel and panels to a frame window Also good for graphics…

14. Graphics Chapter 13 Easiest way is to draw on panels class drawPanel extends JPanel{ protected void paintComponent(Graphics g){ super.paintComponent(g); g.drawLine(0,0,50,50); count++; System.out.println("drawing, count is "+ count); } } We don’t call paintComponent: the system does when it needs to redraw the graphics window

15. HW 7 Please write something that challenges you but is also fun Details completely up to you Don’t forget about making sure user interface is clear, and there are plenty of comments