1. ATM 521 Tropical Meteorology FALL 2009

2. ATM 521 Tropical Meteorology SPRING 2008 Instructor:Chris Thorncroft Room:ES226 Phone:518 442 4555 E-mail:chris@atmos.albany.educhris@atmos.albany.edu Aim of Course: To describe and understand the nature of tropical weather systems and their role in the tropical climate, including emphasis on the interactions between dynamics and convection. Course Assessment: 1. Homework15% 2. Class exam on Wednesday 14th October30% 3. Final exam on Tuesday 15th Dec. 8.00-10.00am55% Text Books: There is no recommended text book for this course.

3. ATM 521 Tropical Meteorology SPRING 2008 Lecture Plan: 1. Introduction 2. Tropical Convection (including MCSs) 3. Large-scale Tropical Circulations 4. Kelvin waves 5. Easterly waves 6. Tropical Cyclones Dry spells Flooding: Ghana 07 Flooding: New Orleans 05

4. 1. INTRODUCTION Where are the tropics and what makes them special? Zonal and time mean circulations Asymmetric circulations

5. 2. TROPICAL CONVECTION Conditional Instability, CAPE, tephigrams Vertical profiles of conserved variables

6. MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS Structure, propagation and longevity issues will be discussed as well as their impact on larger scales. See Houze, R. A., Jr., 2004: Mesocale convective systems Rev. Geophys., 42, 10.1029/2004RG000150, 43 pp.

7. TRMM based MCS climatology over Africa and tropical Atlantic for June-July-August Rainfall Stratiform Rain Fraction Percentage of MCSs with significant ice scattering Average Lightning flash density Schumacher and Houze (2006) QJRMS : Less stratiform rain over sub-Saharan Africa than Atlantic but, Stratiform rain increases in monsoon season compared to pre-monsoon season due to (i) reduced upper-level shear?, (ii) reduced impact of dry SAL?, (iii) other? MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS

8. Cold Tongue AEJ SAL ITCZ Heat Low Key features of the West African Monsoon Climate System during Boreal summer 3 LARGE-SCALE TROPICAL CIRCULATIONS Observations and theory of monsoons Theories for large-scale motion Emphasis given to West African Monsoon

9. 4. KELVIN WAVES Kelvin waves are the dominant synoptic weather system in the equatorial Africa sector in Spring but they also exist in other basins (e.g. Pacific, Amazon). We will discuss their structure and theories for their existence and growth including how they interact with MCSs. cat3 convergence H L convection HL Solution of the shallow water model

10. Evolution of Kelvin wave Negative phase LH OLR (W/m 2 ) Shading: min convection max convection Wind at 850 hPa (m/s) Vectors, significant at the T-test 99% level Surface Pressure (Pa) Contours dashed: low L continue: high H

11. Evolution of Kelvin wave Initiation phase L H OLR (W/m 2 ) Shading: min convection max convection Wind at 850 hPa (m/s) Vectors, significant at the T-test 99% level Surface Pressure (Pa) Contours dashed: low L continue: high H

12. Evolution of Kelvin wave Active phase L H OLR (W/m 2 ) Shading: min convection max convection Wind at 850 hPa (m/s) Vectors, significant at the T-test 99% level Surface Pressure (Pa) Contours dashed: low L continue: high H

13. Evolution of Kelvin wave Dissipation phase H OLR (W/m 2 ) Shading: min convection max convection Wind at 850 hPa (m/s) Vectors, significant at the T-test 99% level Surface Pressure (Pa) Contours dashed: low L continue: high H

14. MCSs embedded in Kelvin wave envelops Brightness Temperature (K) Resolution spatial : 0.5° temporal : 3 hours

15. 5. EASTERLY WAVES Easterly waves are the dominant synoptic weather system in the Africa- Atlantic sector but they also exist in other basins (e.g. Pacific) We will discuss their structure and theories for their existence and growth including how they interact with MCSs (see next slides).

16. 315K Potential Vorticity (Coloured contours every 0.1PVU greater than 0.1 PVU) with 700hPa trough lines and easterly jet axes from the GFS analysis (1 degree resolution), overlaid on METEOSAT-7 IR imagery. Diagnostics for highlighting multi-scale aspects of AEWs

17. 315K Potential Vorticity (Coloured contours every 0.1PVU greater than 0.1 PVU) with 700hPa trough lines and easterly jet axes from the GFS analysis (1 degree resolution), overlaid on METEOSAT-7 IR imagery.

33. 6. TROPICAL CYCLONES Observations and theory of tropical cyclones including issues that relate to genesis, structure and track

34. Key weather systems in the West African and Tropical Atlantic regions An ideal region to study scale interactions including how they impact downstream tropical cyclogenesis AEWs MCSs SAL TC 6. TROPICAL CYCLONES

35. FINAL COMMENTS The course is fundamentally about the interactions between dynamics and convection, combining observations, modeling and theory. Ultimately a major motivation for research in this area is to improve our ability to predict tropical convection (over a range of space and timescales). This remains a major challenge and MUCH remains to be learned. The above is a major motivation for the proposed Year Of Tropical Convection (YOTC) a WCRP/THORPEX supported virtual field campaign that began during 2008. It is also a motivation for a joint AMMA-THORPEX Working Group that exists to evaluate and develop forecasting methods for the West African region. More information about both these activities will be provided during the course.