1. Advanced Microbial Physiology Lecture 4 Quorum Sensing

2. A process that enables bacteria to communicate using secreted signaling molecules called autoinducers This process enables a population of bacteria to regulate gene expression collectively and therefore, control behavior on a community-wide scale. Henke and Bassler, 2004

3. Quorum Sensing Cell-cell communication can occur within and between bacterial species, and between bacteria and their eukaryotic hosts. Henke and Bassler, 2004

4. Quorum Sensing Systems: Gram negative class LuxI/R systems Autoinducers: acylated homoserine lactone LuxI-type enzymes synthesize acylated homoserine lactone (AHL) autoinducers by ligating a specific acyl moiety to the homocysteine moiety of S- adenosylmethionine (SAM) LuxR-type proteins bind their cognate autoinducers and control transcription of target genes.

5. Quorum Sensing Systems: Gram positive class Two-component systems involved Autoinducers: modified oligopeptides The signals are synthesized as precursor peptides, which are subsequently processed and secreted Sensor histidine kinases detect the extracellular peptide autoinducers, autophosphorylate and transmit sensory information via phosphorylation of a response regulator Response regulator changes gene expression

6. Quorum Sensing Systems: The hybrid class This class was initially identified in Vibrio harveyi. It produces two disinct autoinducers, AI-1 and AI-2 AI-1 is an acylated homoserine lactone (AHL), similar to Gram negative class AI-2 has no resemblance to other inducers Both AI-1 and AI-2 signal transduction occurs by a two-component system, similar to Gram positive class. Thus, this is a hybrid class.

9. Intraspecies vs interspecies communications AHL type autoinducers are for intraspecies communications AI-2 and its synthase, LuxS, are widespread, existing in many bacterial phyla. AI-2 is suggested to serve as an interspecies bacterial communication signal.

10. Biosynthesis of autoinducer-2

11. Signal Discrimination Many bacteria possess multiple quorum- sensing systems, which can be organized in series or in parallel. V. harveyi responds to AI-1 and AI-2 in parallel. B. subtilis also uses parallel systems to respond to different oligopeptide autoinducers. P. aeruginosa uses two LuxI/R systems acting in series to regulate overlapping groups of target genes.

12. The Vibrio harveyi quorum- sensing system

13. The B. subtilis quorum-sensing system

14. The Pseudomonas aeroginosa quorum-sensing system

15. Communication Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Chemical communication extends to the eukaryotic hosts with which bacteria engage in pathogenic and symbiotic relationships. P. aeruginosa AHLs enter eukaryotic cells and stimulate production of chemokine interleukin 8 (IL-8), which in turn induces the NF-kB transcription factor. These responses cause recruitment of neutrophils to the lung, in which they contribute to pulmonary inflammation and tissue deterioration.