1. Miguel Niño-Zarazúa Armando Barrientos David Hulme Sam Hickey Presented By: Rose Moore

2.   Located at the University of Manchester in the U.K.  Established to create and share knowledge to end poverty and to shape policies that deliver real gain for people in poverty.  Authors:  Niño-Zarazúa—Research Fellow  Barrientos—Research Director  Hulme—Executive Director  Hickey—Associate Director Brooks World Poverty Institute

3.   “Public actions taken in response to levels of vulnerability, risks, and deprivation, which are deemed socially unacceptable within a given polity and society.”  Three categories:  social insurance  labor market regulation  social assistance Social Protection

4.   Based on age  Grants are to ensure children’s schooling, improve health care, and re-allocate productive resources within households.  Effective because of:  Social structures  Availability of services  Relies on income transfers in the form of social pensions and child support grants The Southern African Model

5.   Pension Plans:  Non-contributory  Regular and Unconditional payments  Reaches 2 million beneficiaries, which represents 80% of 60+ population  Child Support Grants:  Introduced in 1998  Covers children until 18  Enacted to correct limitations of the age grants Southern Africa cont’d

6.   Previously emergency assistance, such as food and humanitarian aid, was the predominant form of protection  What changed?  Sustained economic growth  Debt relief  Budget support  Natural resources revenues.  Two shifts: cash-aid and social protection The Middle Africa Model

7.   Cash-aid  Cash transfers to very poor households with no work capacity.  Mostly funded by donors, not the governments.  Many programs require the beneficiary to apply for aid and have a doctor certify disability or need.  Some include service provisions: conditioned on school attendance, health check-ups, and nutrition training. Middle Africa Cont’d

8.   Donor v. government argument  Southern Africa:  Urbanization  Pro-poor political parties  High level of income inequality  Middle Africa:  Many pilot programs  More rural population Who drives social protection?

9.   Financial sustainability  Fears of rapid escalation  World financial crisis  Institutional capacity for implementation and delivery  Community participation  Mixture of providers Challenges

10.   Significant expansion in South Africa  New wave of social programs in Middle Africa  Global financial crisis threatens social protection programs Conclusion