1. FISHERIES & ECOSYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY: OVERFISHED & OVERWHELMED? Denzil Miller CCAMLR SECRETARIAT

2. © FAO A LITTLE HISTORY THE TERRITORIAL IMPERATIVE REALPOLITIK – TRAGEDY OF COMMONS “AN OLD SPECTRE HAUNTS FISHERIES MANAGEMENT TODAY GOVERNANCE WITHOUT GOVERNMENT” (O.S. STOKKE 1999) SYSTEM CHANGES

3. © UNEP ANNUAL REGIONAL FISH CATCHES ANNUAL CATCH PER CAPITA (KG) ANNUAL CATCHES (M TONNES)

4. © University of Michigan © UNEP GLOBAL STATUS OF EXPLOITED FISH STOCKS Note Increase Note Decrease © CFAS

5. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT NEED TO OPERATIONALISE EAF “Development That Meets The Needs Of The Present Without Compromising The Ability of Future Generations to Meet Their Own Needs” World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Report) 1982 UN Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) 1982 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) *1992 Conference on Environment & Development (UNCED)(“Rio”) *1992 UNCED Agenda 21 1992 Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) 1993 Compliance Agreement 1995 Fish Stock Agreement (UNFSA) *1995 FAO Code of Conduct (CCRF) *2001Reykjavik Declaration *2002 Earth Summit *FAO Technical Guidelines [4.(2)] * “Soft” Law

6. THE BALANCE OF SUSTAINABILITY EQUIVALENTS UNCERTAINY ≈ INCREASED RISK ≈ INCREASED PRECAUTION POSITIVE MANAGEMENT ACTION & EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS

7. © Acclaim © FAO MANAGE HUMAN EXPECTATION

8. © USGO MANAGE ECOSYSTEM EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES BY-CATCH ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION © Commonwealth © AIMS

9. EAF PRACTICALITIES MERGE TWO PARADIGMS Ecosystem Management (Ecosystem Well-Being) Fisheries Management (Human Well-Being)

10. OPERATIONAL MECHANISMS THE INTERNATIONAL RFMO CHOICE BETWEEN THE DEVIL & THE DEEP BLUE SEA Fish Until Stocks Become Self-Regulating (i.e. Fishing No Longer Sustainable) OR Improve Current, & Develop New, Initiatives to Manage Fishing

11. EAF SCOPING Geographic Area Align with Ecological Boundaries Questions Being Asked (LME – Existing Fisheries) Stakeholders Fisheries Non-Fisheries (NGOs) Major Issues Principles & Policy

12. EAF MANGEMENT NEEDS FISHING PART OF A LARGER SYSTEM Ecosystem Interacting System of Plants & Animals Includes Humans & Abiotic Environment Fishing Various Fishing Methods Fishing (Direct) Impacts on Ecosystem IMAF/By-Catch Ecosystem (Indirect) Impacts on Fishing Climate Change

13. EAF MANAGEMENT TOOLS CONVENTIONAL FISHERIES MEASURES Effort Capacity Gear Catch GEAR TECHNOLOGY Selective Gear Friendly Gear ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT By-Catch Regulation IMAF Regulation PROTECTION Protected/Closed Areas

14. OPERATIONALISATION - THE CCAMLR EXAMPLE

15. CCAMLR ECOSYSTEM MONITORING PROGRAMME (CEMP) Operational Objectives Monitor Harvested/Other Species Changes to Improve Understanding Monitor Selected Environmental/Species Indicators Monitor Appropriate Time/Space Scales Develop Management Approaches Promote Flexibility & Pro-Action Develop Management Decision Rules © FAO Determine Performance & Reference Points CCAMLR EAF ELEMENTS DECISION RULES

16. ROLE OF RESEARCH ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE & FUNCTION MANAGEMENT MEASURES MPAs MANAGEMENT PROCESS Participatory Process New Assessment Methods ECONOMIC/SOCIAL ASSESSMENT Integrated Modeling (OECD) MODEL SYSTEM DEVELOP / APPLY / EVALUATE

17. EAF NOT NEW !! 1. EAF NOT NEW !! 2. PRINCIPLES OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVES UNEVEN 3. REQUIRES CONSISTENT INDICATORS/REFERENCE POINTS/DECISION RULES 4. FULL STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION DESIRABLE 5. CONSIDER EXISTING & NEW MEASURES 6. REVIEW LEGISLATION (NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL) 7. POLITICAL & SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS REQUIRED MESSAGE © WWF

18. Sustainable Use of Marine Resources & Areas Effective Institutions International Engagement/Alliances of Relevant & “Like- Minded” Institutions Relevant Information Exchange Between Such Institutions Co-Ordinated Actions in Relevant Fora Strong & Tested International Law (ITLOS) viz RFMOs Effective MCS & On-Water Enforcement Responsible Fishing With Institutional Co-Operation & Standardisation POLITICALLY ASTUTE EAF

19. THE END