1. Deflections of Beams and Shafts Deflection and slope are sometimes the limiting factors in beam and shaft design. Methods for solving deflection and problems include: Integration Methods Discontinuity (Singularity) Functions Moment-Area Method Energy Methods (Castigliano’s Theorem) Superposition Methods Schematic drawing of a cantilever used in a typical scanning probe microscope

2. Visualization of Elastic Curves It is useful to visualize elastic curves for beams subjected to known loads. The schematics below can help you determine whether or not forces (V), moments (M), displacements (Δ), or slopes (θ) are zero for various types of supports.

3. Visualization of Elastic Curves (continued) Using bending moment diagrams together with an understanding of how the supports contribute to deflection and slope, elastic curves can be sketched as shown in the examples below:

4. Moment Curvature Relationship

5. Slope and Displacement by Integration The coordinates of the elastic curve for a beam or shaft can be determined using an equation that expresses v as a function of x, where v is the vertical deflection and x is the horizontal position where that deflection occurs. To begin, start with an equation for the curvature (1/ρ) expressed in terms of v and x. The derivation of this equation can be found in most Calculus books:

6. To draw shear and bending moment diagrams for beams, the following equations could be used: Using the simplified equation for curvature, the following equations can be derived for the moment M(x), shear V ( x ), and distributed load w ( x ):

7. 12-3. Determine the equation of the elastic curve for the beam using the x coordinate that is valid for 0 < x < L / 2. Specify the slope at A and the beam’s maximum deflection. EI is constant.

8. Elastic Curves, Slope & Deflection Equations for Beams – see Appendix C Superposition can be used to solve more complicated slope and deflection problems using equations shown in Appendix C for typical simply-supported and fixed beams under a range of loading conditions. Other references such as the AISC Handbook and Roark’s Theories of Stress and Strain provide equations for a wider range of beams. Dimensions and Geometric Characteristics of Standard Structural Shapes such as I -Beams, Channel Sections, & Angle Bars – see Appendix B W-shapes: I -Beams C-shapes: channel sections L-shapes: angle bars

9. 12-91. The W14 X 43 simply supported beam is made of A-36 steel and is subjected to the loading shown. Determine the deflection at its center C.

10. 12-127. Find reactions at A & B. Superposition techniques can be used to solve statically indeterminate beam problems

11. 12-124. Determine the reactions at the supports A, B, & C, then draw the shear and moment diagrams. E I is constant.