1. Chapter 7: The Multiplier Effect of Tourist spending
Tourism Economics
Chapter 7: The Multiplier Effect of Tourist spending
TRM 490
Dr. Zongqing Zhou

2. Chapter 7: The Multiplier Effect of Tourist spending (1)
Multiplier effect: new money entering an economy in whatever form stimulates the economy, not once but several times as it is respent.
John Keynes and R.K. Kahn: economic growth results from investment, which creates employment and income for the future.
Tourism exports bring in income from outside an economy. These exports are called injections into the economy
An injection impacts the economy by fostering internal spending

3. Chapter 7: The Multiplier Effect of Tourist spending(2)
Leakage
Tourism expenditures that do not get respent (savings, taxes) or do not stay in the economy (imports, for example)
The less developed a country, the more likely the leakage is going to be higher since the linkage of the tourism industry is not well developed.
The greater the leakage, the lower the multiplier.

4. Chapter 7: The Multiplier Effect of Tourist spending(3)
Computation of the Multiplier:
Use the input and output model
Much of the data that go into these multiplier computations are estimates
Multipliers are not exact science and its credibility and validity are often questioned
Significance of the multiplier
A number that is easily understood
It says that tourism spending not only brings new dollars into a local economy, but that as new dollars are circulated, their effect is multiplied
It implies that the tourism dollar is somehow better than a dollar already in circulation.
Where opportunity cost is low, tourism is a valued souce of income
In some places, even the multiplier is low, the economic importance of tourism can still be high.

5. Chapter 7: The Multiplier Effect of Tourist spending(4)
An example of the calculation of multiplier
See p140 figure 7-3
An example of the employment multiplier
See p142 figure 7-4

6. Chapter 7: The Multiplier Effect of Tourist spending(5)
Direct, indirect and induced impact (effect)
Direct effects: the changes in sales, employment, and income as a result of the purchase of goods and services by visitors (direct expenditures)
Indirect effects: the changes in sales, employment and income generated indirectly in other businesses as the tourist dollar is respent
Induced effects: part of consumption expenditure that varies with real GDP, minus imports, that is, increased spending as a result of the increase of the total wealth of the residents (see link)

7. Chapter 7: The Multiplier Effect of Tourist spending(6)
Type I and Type II impacts
Type I: includes direct and indirect impacts
Type II: includes direct, indirect and induced impacts
An example on P 147, figure 7-6
A Type I output multiplier for eating and drinking places, showed that an original dollar purchase of food and veverage by visitors indirectly generated an additional 41 cents of sales. Another 45 cents was created by the continued spending, resulting in the total impact of 1.95 that includes direct, indirect and induced effects.