1. Abstract data types & object-oriented paradigm

2. Abstraction Abstraction: a view of an entity that includes only the attributes of significance in a particular context. Two fundamental abstractions: process abstraction & data abstraction Process abstraction: sortInt(list, list_len) –sorting algorithms is not revealed –user code remains same even implementation of sorting algorithm is changed –used for a long time

3. Abstract data type Abstract Data Type: an encapsulation that includes only the data representation and the subprograms that provides operations for that type. –reliability: user cannot directly access objects –readability: without implementation details

4. Introduction to Data Abstraction Built-in types are abstract data types e.g. int type in Java –The representation is hidden –Operations are all built-in –User programs can define objects of int type User-defined abstract data types must have the same characteristics as built-in abstract data types –To declare variables of that type –A set of ops

5. Abstract data type example interfaces: create(stack) destroy(stack) empty(stack) push(stack, item) pop(stack) top(stack) code example: … create(stk1); push(stk1, 34); push(stk1, 20); if ( !empty(stk1) ) temp = top(stk1); stack implementation can be changed from array to list w/o affecting the code

6. Encapsulation Encapsulation: a grouping of subprograms and the data they manipulate Hiding the implementation details of the abstract interface Protect internal data Reliability, maintenance

7. Language Examples-C++ Based on C struct type and Simula 67 classes The class is the encapsulation device All of the class instances of a class share a single copy of the member functions Each instance of a class has its own copy of the class data members Instances can be static, stack dynamic, or heap dynamic

8. At first glance #include class stack { private: int *stackPtr; int maxLen; int topPtr; public: stack() { stackPtr = new int [100]; maxLen = 99; topPtr = -1; } ~stack() { delete [ ] stackPtr; } void push(int item) { if (topPtr == maxLen) cerr << “Stack full\n”; else stackPtr[++topPtr] = item; } void pop() { if (topPtr == -1) cerr << “Stack empty\n”; else topPtr--; } int top() { return ( stackPtr[topPtr] ); } int empty() { return ( topPtr == -1); } } // end class stack Data members Member functions

9. C++ Class data members: data defined in a class –*stack_ptr, max_len, top_ptr member functions: functions defined in a class –also called access interfaces –push( ), pop( ), top( ), empty( ) private: entities (data or member functions) that are to be hidden from outside the class public: entities (data or member functions) that are visible outside the class

10. C++ class (con’t) constructor: initialize the data members of newly created objects –stack( ) –implicitly called when an object of the class type is created –can have one or more constructor for a class destructor: implicitly called when the lifetime of an instance of the class ends –~stack( )

11. Example in C++ #include class stack { private: int *stackPtr; int maxLen; int topPtr; public: stack() { stackPtr = new int [100]; maxLen = 99; topPtr = -1; } ~stack() { delete [ ] stackPtr; } void push(int item) { if (topPtr == maxLen) cerr << “Stack full\n”; else stackPtr[++topPtr] = item; } void pop() { if (topPtr == -1) cerr << “Stack empty\n”; else topPtr--; } int top() { return ( stackPtr[topPtr] ); } int empty() { return ( topPtr == -1); } } // end class stack

12. Class usage in C++ Code example in C++: void main() { int topOne; stack stk; // stack-dynamic stk.push(42); stk.push(20); topOne = stk.top(); stk.pop(); … // stk being freed } stack stk  constructor is called to initialize the instance at the end of the main, stk’s destructor is called

13. Language Examples Constructors: –Functions to initialize the data members of instances –May also allocate storage if part of the object is heap-dynamic –Can include parameters to provide parameterization of the objects –Implicitly called when an instance is created –Can be explicitly called –Name is the same as the class name

14. Language Examples Destructors –Functions to cleanup after an instance is destroyed; usually just to reclaim heap storage –Implicitly called when the object ’ s lifetime ends –Can be explicitly called –Name is the class name, preceded by a tilde (~)

15. Examples in Java Code example in C++: void main() { int topOne; stack stk; // stack-dynamic stk.push(42); stk.push(20); topOne = stk.top(); stk.pop(); … } Code example in Java: public class TestStack { public static void main(…) { INTEGER topOne; StackClass myStack = new StackClass(); myStack.push(42); myStack.push(20); topOne = myStack.top(); myStack.pop(); … } Java uses implicit garbage collection (no destructor) and reference variable (not pointer)

16. Java features Stack_class does not have destructor –implicit garbage collector In main( ), myStack does not get freed –implicit garbage collector The use of reference variables –Java does not support pointer

17. Example:Stack in Java import java.io.*; class Stack_class { private int [ ] stack_ref; private int max_len, top_index; public Stack_class( ) { stack_ref = new int [100]; max_len = 99; top_index = -1; } public void push (int number) { if (top_index = max_len) System.out.println( “Error stack full”); else stack_ref[++top_index] = number; } public void pop( ) { if (top_index == -1) System.out.println( “Error Stack empty”); else –top_index; } public int top( ) { return (stack_ref[top_index]); } public boolean empty( ) { return (top_index == -1); } } // end class stack

18. Parameterized Abstract Data Types- C++ Templated Classes –Classes can be somewhat generic by writing parameterized constructor functions, e.g. stack (int size) { stk_ptr = new int [size]; max_len = size - 1; top = -1; } stack stk(100);

19. Parameterized Abstract Data Types The stack element type can be parameterized by making the class a templated class Java does not support generic abstract data types

20. Parameterized Abstract Data in C++ #include class stack { private: int *stackPtr; int maxLen; int topPtr; public: stack(int size) { stackPtr = new int [size]; maxLen = size -1; topPtr = -1; } ~stack() { delete [ ] stackPtr; } void push(int item) { if (topPtr == maxLen) cerr << “Stack full\n”; else stackPtr[++topPtr] = item; } void pop() { if (topPtr == -1) cerr << “Stack empty\n”; else topPtr--; } int top() { return ( stack[topPtr] ); } int empty() { return ( topPtr == -1); } } // end class stack Usage: stack myStack(50);

21. Template abstract data type in C++ #include template class stack { private: Type *stackPtr; public: stack() : stackPtr (new Type [100]), maxLen (99), topPtr(-1) { } stack(int size) { stackPtr = new Type [size]; maxLen = size – 1; topPtr= -1; } C++ example in left stack stk; stack stk(150); C++ template classes are instantiated at compile time –code for new type is created when not existed Java does not support generic abstract data type as in left

22. Encapsulation Constructs Original motivation: –Large programs have two special needs: 1. Some means of organization, other than simply division into subprograms 2. Some means of partial compilation (compilation units that are smaller than the whole program) Obvious solution: a grouping of subprograms that are logically related into a unit that can be separately compiled (compilation units) –These are called encapsulations

23. Encapsulation Constructs Nested subprograms in Ada and Fortran 95 Encapsulation in C –Files containing one or more subprograms can be independently compiled –The interface is placed in a header file –Problem: the linker does not check types between a header and associated implementation Encapsulation in C++ –Similar to C –Addition of friend functions that have access to private members of the friend class

24. Naming Encapsulations Large programs define many global names; need a way to divide into logical groupings A naming encapsulation is used to create a new scope for names C++ Namespaces –Can place each library in its own namespace and qualify names used outside with the namespace –C# also includes namespaces

25. OO Key feature Abstraction –Well-defined interface Hierarchy –Composition –Derivation –inheritance Encapsulation –Hiding the detail Polymorphism

26. From C to C++ Without abstraction main(){ int stack_items[STACKSIZE], stack_top =0, x; /*push x into stack*/ stack_item[stack_top++] = x; /*pop stack to x*/ x = stack_item[--stack_top]; }

27. Abstraction Abstraction: void init(stack *s; viod push(stack *s, int i); int pop(stack *s); void cleanup(stack *s); typedef struct{ int items[stacksize]; Int top } stack; Void init(stack *s) {s->top = 0;} Void push (stack *s, int i) {s-> items[s->top++] =I;} Int pop(stack *s){return s->items[-- s->top];} … main(){ int x; stack stack1; init(&stack1); push(&stack1, x); … }